静脉注射利多卡因在1例吸毒患者肝癌手术麻醉中的应用

2020-01-06 黄冬琴 陈谦 中国保健营养

吸毒患者的麻醉选择,既要保证充分的镇痛,保证术中的平稳,又要尽量预防围术期戒断综合征的发生,故合适的麻醉选择显得非常重要。现报道1例静脉注射利多卡因在吸毒患者肝癌手术麻醉中的应用,探讨该类病例麻醉处理方案。

吸毒患者的麻醉选择,既要保证充分的镇痛,保证术中的平稳,又要尽量预防围术期戒断综合征的发生,故合适的麻醉选择显得非常重要。现报道1例静脉注射利多卡因在吸毒患者肝癌手术麻醉中的应用,探讨该类病例麻醉处理方案。
 
1.资料与方法
 
1.1 基本信息 
 
患者男,44岁,体重52kg,ASAI级。既往有3年吸毒史,毒品为海洛因,已戒毒3年;乙肝病史十余年,未治疗。查体:一般情况可。心功能评级I级,体格检查未见异常。辅助检查:入院特检:乙肝小三阳,丙肝(+);MRI:①肝右叶上段肿物(S7/8段),考虑原发性肝癌可能性大;②肝硬化、脾大。术前诊断:肝右叶原发性肝癌,Child-pughA级,拟行肝右叶肝癌切除术。
 
1.2 麻醉实施 
 
术前予抗生素预防感染,戊乙奎醚1mg抗胆碱治疗。入手术室后常规监测心率、血压、指脉氧饱和度、呼气末二氧化碳分压、脑电双频谱指数(BIS)。予右美托咪定0.8ug/kg负荷剂量静脉泵注+氟比洛芬酯50mg行超前镇痛,在局麻下行右侧颈内静脉穿刺置管术、左侧桡动脉穿刺置管术监测动脉血压。
 
诱导前予地塞米松10mg静脉注射,麻醉诱导:利多卡因2mg/kg+丙泊酚1.5-2mg/kg+苯磺顺阿曲库铵0.4mg/kg快速诱导麻醉。麻醉维持:利多卡因2mg/kg/h+右美托咪定0.2ug/kg/h+丙泊酚6-8mg/kg/h+苯磺顺阿曲库铵0.2mg/kg/h持续泵注。经腹行肝右叶肝癌切除术+胆囊切除术+大网膜游离移植术+肠黏连松解术。
 
术中出血600ml,输液2600ml,尿量300ml。术中血压心率平稳,血压波动在100-145/50-80mmHg,心率70-90次/分,BIS维持在40-60。术程顺利,手术持续245分钟。手术结束前50分钟停用右美托咪定及苯磺顺阿曲库铵,手术结束前30分钟给予氟比洛芬酯50mg+曲马多100mg静脉注射,利多卡因维持至手术结束,术后送至PACU复苏,20min后意识、肌力恢复,拔出气管导管,呼吸循环平稳。术后镇痛予氟比洛芬酯50mg,一天两次+曲马多100mg,一天三次静脉注射,同时予托烷司琼预防恶心呕吐。术后镇痛效果满意,未出现戒断综合征。术后7天患者康复出院。
 
2.讨论
 
吸毒患者对麻醉药物,尤其是阿片类药物的敏感性增加,且术后会增加其戒断综合征发生的风险。开腹肝癌切除术手术应激大,出血风险高,气管插管全身麻醉是首选的麻醉方式。结合本例静脉注射利多卡因在吸毒患者行肝癌手术麻醉的应用,有如下体会。
 
2.1 明确吸毒患者麻醉选择的特殊性 
 
长期吸毒患者的心、肝、肾均有不同程度的损害,应选择对肝肾功能影响小的麻醉药。本例患者吸食海洛因,属于阿片类毒品,吸毒者从体外摄入大量外源性阿片样化合物,抑制体内正常内源性阿片肽的形成和释放,同时阿片受体对外源性阿片样化合物容易产生耐受性。当中断毒品的供应,从中枢至外周的各个系统将被打乱,患者将出现各种症状及并发症。该患者已戒毒3年,现患者一般情况相对稳定,应积极预防及处理。
 
2.2 充分的术前评估 
 
了解吸毒患者毒品的种类、剂量,开始接触毒品时间,戒毒时间,戒断症状发生的时间、症状。同时评估患者心、肺、肝、肾等功能,有无并发症。术前传染性疾病也不容忽视,如乙肝、丙肝、HIV等。
 
2.3 静脉麻醉药物的选择 
 
本例麻醉采用非阿片类全身麻醉。予右美托咪定负荷剂量及氟比洛芬酯行超前镇痛,减少患者疼痛感及应激反应。氟比洛芬酯为非甾体类镇痛药,通过抑制环氧化酶而减少前列腺素的合成,从而降低手术创伤引起的痛觉过敏状态。麻醉诱导和维持中,镇痛药选择静脉泵注利多卡因。利多卡因静脉注射可抑制外周和中枢的敏化作用,从而具有镇痛作用。同时,利多卡因有镇静作用,王红株等人研究发现静脉注射利多卡因可使BIS值及应激反应降低。
 
静脉注射利多卡因还可使术中麻药需求及术后镇痛需求减少,术后疼痛评分降低。此外,利多卡因能够清除自由基、抑制内皮细胞黏附分子表达、抗细胞凋亡,对心、脑、肺等重要器官具有保护作用。选择静脉注射利多卡因,可避免吸毒患者全身麻醉中应用阿片类镇痛药,减少诱发成瘾性及戒断反应的发生率,同时,利多卡因对术中、术后镇痛效果显著,从本病例来看,术中血流动力学平稳,术后复苏顺利,围术期未出现戒断综合征,患者诉镇痛效果满意。
 
辅以右美托咪定+丙泊酚维持,右美托咪定是α2-肾上腺素受体激动剂,起效快,兼具有镇静、镇痛作用,无呼吸抑制,能够降低应激反应,减少术中麻醉药用量。丙泊酚具有起效迅速、代谢快、苏醒迅速的特点,在全身麻醉中被广泛应用,在吸毒患者麻醉中也可见不少研究,其麻醉过程较为平稳,其舒适度及镇静效果理想。
 
2.4 术后管理 
 
本例术后镇痛方案为:氟比洛芬酯50mg,一天两次+曲马多100mg,一天三次静脉注射。曲马多为非阿片类中枢性镇痛药,可用于治疗中等至重度的疼痛及外科手术、手术后止痛。有研究表明曲马多可应用于戒毒期吸毒患者术后疼痛的治疗。从本例来看,曲马多术后镇痛效果满意,但需予托烷司琼预防恶心呕吐。
 
3.总结
 
在吸毒患者的全身麻醉中,选择非阿片类麻醉既可以满足手术需求,又能降低围术期戒断综合征的发生率,而静脉注射利多卡因被证实是安全有效的。
 
原始出处:

黄冬琴,陈谦.静脉注射利多卡因在1例吸毒患者肝癌手术麻醉中的应用[J].中国保健营养,2019,29(36):227-228.

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    2020-09-12 millore
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    2020-03-27 fusion
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    2020-01-06 留走人康

    肝癌,接下来就要细分了,对于体质好的病人,能否将PD-1类+抗血管新生+放疗等相结合,甚至有必要用TACE进行减负

    0

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