Sci Transl Med :“双特异性抗体”助力PD-1阻断免疫疗法,抗肿瘤免疫更强更持久!

2020-08-17 王芬 肿瘤资讯

以PD-1/PD-L1阻断剂为代表的免疫治疗已成为癌症治疗史上重要的里程碑,然而单药免疫治疗有限的应答率和原发/继发性耐药是该疗法所面临的主要难题。

以PD-1/PD-L1阻断剂为代表的免疫治疗已成为癌症治疗史上重要的里程碑,然而单药免疫治疗有限的应答率和原发/继发性耐药是该疗法所面临的主要难题。既往研究表明,CD28共刺激途径与PD-1检查点之间存在相互作用:PD-1通过TCR/CD3复合物和/或CD28的去磷酸化来减弱T细胞的激活。基于此,靶向CD28并联合PD-1阻断,或将产生更广泛、更持久的抗肿瘤免疫反应,有望实现肿瘤清除。

近日,基于54位科学家联合发表在Science Translational Medicine上的一项最新研究,一种新型抗肿瘤免疫疗法——共刺激性CD28双特异性抗体高调亮相!该疗法旨在克服免疫治疗的耐药性,通过连接T细胞和肿瘤抗原,增强T细胞杀灭肿瘤细胞的能力。

这项研究对于癌症的免疫治疗具有重要的借鉴意义,其结果表明,类似于嵌合抗原受体(CAR)T细胞疗法,PD-1阻断联合靶向CD28双特异性抗体可以产生强效、持久的抗肿瘤活性,且耐受良好,无需制备,能够针对多种常见癌症,对于改善癌症的免疫治疗效果拥有巨大的潜力。

我们知道,T细胞活化过程受两条关键信号调控:信号1—T细胞活化的触发,即T细胞受体/CD3复合物(TCR/CD3) 在由抗原呈递细胞(APC)、病毒感染细胞或肿瘤细胞表达的主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)的背景下与特定肽结合时发生活化。信号2—共刺激受体激活导致T细胞活化的增强;与之对应,当共抑制受体(免疫检查点)激活时,T细胞活化减弱。TCR/CD3复合物聚集在T细胞及其靶细胞的界面,亦称为免疫突触上,突触中聚集着信号分子、细胞因子、颗粒酶,以及共刺激和共抑制受体。

双特异性抗体,顾名思义,具有双重识别能力:它们经过改造后可以驻留在T细胞表面受体上,并与肿瘤细胞本身的表面抗原结合,从而将两种细胞聚集在一起,并激活T细胞杀灭肿瘤的能力。早期的研究中,通过将肿瘤特异性抗原(TSA)与TCR/CD3复合物交联,从而取代并模拟信号1,以触发T细胞激活。将TSA与T细胞上的CD28交联,可以构建一种“共刺激双特异性抗体(双特异性TSAxCD28)”,从而模拟信号2以增强T细胞的活化。

先前的研究表明,尽管TSAxCD28与TSAxCD3具有显着协同作用,但两类双抗联合使用显着增加了表达TSA正常组织损伤的风险。因此,在这项最新研究中,54位科学家另辟蹊径,将PD-1阻断疗法来模拟信号1以触发T细胞的活化,双特异性TSAxCD28疗法模拟信号2来增强T细胞活化,结果证实这种联合疗法明显增强的肿瘤对抗PD-1治疗的反应--甚至赋予了原先对抗PD-1单药治疗无反应的肿瘤产生反应,并诱导了持久的抗肿瘤免疫,促进了肿瘤内T细胞活化和T细胞记忆,且在动物模型中没有出现全身细胞因子的释放。双特异性TSAxCD28在单独或与抗PD-1抗体联合使用时表现出良好的耐受性。这些数据表明,将这类靶向CD28的双特异性抗体(TSAxCD28)与PD-1阻断疗法相结合,可以提供一种“现成”的生物联合治疗,具有明显增强、特异性、协同和持久的抗肿瘤活性,而不需要额外定制。

当前这项研究的人员首先在同基因小鼠模型中证实,PD-1阻断疗法的抗肿瘤作用可以在肿瘤细胞上强制过表达“天然的”CD28配体来增强。然后利用荧光标记的CD20xCD3双特异性抗体模拟肽MHC/TCR结合,并可视化T细胞与形成免疫突触的靶细胞的相互作用,发现PD-L1:PD-1结合可将CD28从免疫突触中排除,从而抑制T细胞的激活,而阻断PD-1则可使CD28在突触中积累,从而使其在靶细胞上遇到配体时更有效地促进T细胞的激活。

研究者接下来生成了一种前列腺特异性抗原(PSMA)的PSMAxCD28双特异性抗体,并在细胞系中证实双特异性PSMAxCD28与PD-1阻断联合诱导的IL-2释放是两者单独使用时的三倍,证实两者具有协同促进T细胞的活化的作用。这种协同不仅仅是T细胞和靶细胞交联增加或更为接近所致,而是因为T细胞表面的CD28受体本身具有较强的抗肿瘤作用,当靶向激动该受体时促进了更多的T细胞活化和多种细胞因子的产生,从而促进强大的免疫反应。在同基因动物模型中,同样看到了联合治疗荷瘤小鼠的存活率较任一单药增加了2.5倍以上。不仅如此,CD28双特异性抗体可以通过促进内源性TCR/CD3依赖的T细胞反应而增强PD-1mAB的抗肿瘤作用,这同时也会导致长期的免疫记忆的形成,因此这样的组合可以驱动持久的抗肿瘤反应。当生成EGFRxCD28双特异性抗体时,结果与上述一致:EGFRxCD28双特异性抗体与PD-1mAb联合产生了强效而持久的抗肿瘤免疫反应。

为了比较CD28超激动剂与TSAxCD28双特异性抗体单药或与PD-1mAB联合应用的耐受性,研究者对犬只猴子和转基因人源化小鼠进行了探索性研究表明,与CD28超激动剂相比,无论是双特异性PSMAxCD28 还是EGFRxCD28 ,还是与PD-1mAb联合,都不会产生任何显着的细胞因子释放、T细胞增殖或T细胞活化。这些结果表明,与直接激活免疫系统的CD28 超激动剂相比,这些共刺激CD28双特异性抗体在没有信号1的情况下不能独立地刺激免疫系统,这与体外研究一致。

该研究引入了使用TSAxCD28共刺激双特异性抗体来增强肿瘤部位T细胞信号和激活的概念,利用两种不同的肿瘤靶点(PSMA和EGFR)验证了联合CD28共刺激双特异性抗体与PD-1mAb的免疫疗法不仅能产生较强的T细胞活化,而且能提供持久的抗肿瘤反应,而不产生脱靶毒性。同时,由于结合了肿瘤相关抗原,使得这一双特异性抗体具有肿瘤靶向性,可以使更多的肿瘤相关T细胞激活和并避免正常器官毒性。特别是,使用CD28双特异性抗体不直接激活CD28(除非聚集在肿瘤细胞表面),仅在肿瘤部位可能促进T细胞共刺激,避免了CD28激活抗体的全身毒性。

将基于CD28的双特异性与临床验证的PD-1mabs结合,是耐受性好、现成的、强效且持久抗肿瘤活性的一种组合。这一新的免疫疗法组合是稳健的,不限瘤种,具有广泛应用前景的新的免疫治疗。

原始出处:

Janelle C Waite, Bei Wang, Lauric Haber, et al.Tumor-targeted CD28 bispecific antibodies enhance the antitumor efficacy of PD-1 immunotherapy.Sci Transl Med. 2020 Jun 24;12(549):eaba2325. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba2325.

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    2021-03-20 bsmagic9140
  4. 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beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7ae45392693, createdName=ms8000000318905960, createdTime=Mon Aug 17 22:28:25 CST 2020, time=2020-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. 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  6. 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    2020-08-20 研发小兵

    双特异性抗体是热点,但是也不一定都有效!

    0

  7. 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content=双特异性抗体是热点,但是也不一定都有效!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=研发小兵, createdTime=Thu Aug 20 08:40:36 CST 2020, time=2020-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=811091, encodeId=57a7811091e0, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=25e55411955, createdName=ms5000000741733160, createdTime=Wed Aug 19 16:29:46 CST 2020, time=2020-08-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1526482, encodeId=bb7a1526482f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1e416e954c3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#特异性抗体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, 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    2020-08-19 ms5000000741733160

    0

  8. 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content=双特异性抗体是热点,但是也不一定都有效!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=研发小兵, createdTime=Thu Aug 20 08:40:36 CST 2020, time=2020-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=811091, encodeId=57a7811091e0, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=25e55411955, createdName=ms5000000741733160, createdTime=Wed Aug 19 16:29:46 CST 2020, time=2020-08-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1526482, encodeId=bb7a1526482f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1e416e954c3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#特异性抗体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67954, encryptionId=1e416e954c3, topicName=特异性抗体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b8b711724149, createdName=hyf032, createdTime=Tue Aug 18 23:40:36 CST 2020, time=2020-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1610659, encodeId=d4a21610659f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Tue Aug 18 23:40:36 CST 2020, time=2020-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=809923, encodeId=35908099238d, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7ae45392693, createdName=ms8000000318905960, createdTime=Mon Aug 17 22:28:25 CST 2020, time=2020-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  9. 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  10. 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    2020-08-17 ms8000000318905960

    学习了

    0

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科学家越来越多地尝试利用人体自身的免疫系统来对抗癌症。波恩大学和澳大利亚和瑞士的研究机构进行的一项新研究显示了肿瘤细胞用于逃避这种攻击的策略。为这项工作开发的方法有助于更好地理解免疫防御与疾病之间。

令人惊喜!Cell:阻断TREM2可增强肿瘤免疫疗法,小鼠模型肿瘤完全清除

免疫疗法的出现,彻底改变了癌症治疗方法。然而,目前的免疫疗法药物仅对四分之一不到的患者有效。因为,肿瘤太“狡猾”了,为了逃避T细胞的免疫监视,癌细胞抑制了它们的免疫原性特征,并

Nature :氨基酸代谢改变对肿瘤抑制作用的调控机制

丝氨酸(Serine), 甘氨酸(Glycine) 以及其他的一些非必需氨基酸都与肿瘤的发生发展有着紧密的联系,因此抑制这些非必需氨基酸的活性和利用度可作为癌症治疗的潜在手段。

Cell:滴血检测肿瘤将成为可能!特异性达到90%以上

病理学家通常使用组织活检来诊断癌症,癌症扩散并测量治疗反应。液体活检具有最小的侵入性,可以连续获得,并可以在更早,更可治愈的阶段检测到癌症。对于改进的用于癌症检测的组织和液体活检工具,临床上尚未满足。

Cell:完全消除肿瘤!抑制这种蛋白能大大增强免疫治疗效果

近日有研究人员发现,阻断一种蛋白质可以大大增强免疫治疗的效果,甚至能完全清除肿瘤。