腰-硬联合麻醉中发现结核性脑膜炎一例

2019-09-19 周治国 徐建红 临床麻醉学杂志

患者,男,87岁,排尿困难伴肾功能异常11年,腿部外伤1月余,以“慢性肾病5期,右股骨颈骨折”入院。完善相关检查:X线示右股骨颈骨折;生化及血常规示血肌酐900μmol/L,血红蛋白61g/L,C反应蛋白67mg/L;胸部CT示右肺、左肺上叶慢性感染病变,结核不能排除;ECG示正常范围;心脏超声示主动脉瓣、二尖瓣关闭不全伴中度反流,心脏射血分数(EF)54%。

患者,男,87岁,排尿困难伴肾功能异常11年,腿部外伤1月余,以“慢性肾病5期,右股骨颈骨折”入院。完善相关检查:X线示右股骨颈骨折;生化及血常规示血肌酐900μmol/L,血红蛋白61g/L,C反应蛋白67mg/L;胸部CT示右肺、左肺上叶慢性感染病变,结核不能排除;ECG示正常范围;心脏超声示主动脉瓣、二尖瓣关闭不全伴中度反流,心脏射血分数(EF)54%。
 
患者神志略淡漠,呼之能应,家属诉其有间断发热病史,否认高血压糖尿病慢性病史,否认心脑血管病史,神经系统病理征未查。入院后予抗炎、雾化、输血、血透治疗1周后,多学科会诊,患者肺部炎症、贫血及肾功能有所改善,准备腰-硬联合麻醉下行右股骨头置换,同时术前1d再行血液透析治疗。
 
手术当日清晨复查凝血指标正常,手术正常进行,入室后常规心电监测,桡动脉穿刺置管,有创血压监测,动脉血气分析示Hb93g/L,PCO2 41mmHg,PO2 72mmHg。右侧卧位L2-3间隙行椎管内穿刺,穿刺顺利,腰麻针穿破蛛网膜后,回抽见黄绿色脑脊液,遂抽出3ml脑脊液送检,退出穿刺针,嘱患者平卧。
 
紧急脑脊液检查结果:性状微浑,潘氏试验阳性,脑脊液蛋白38 453.8mg/L,脑脊液葡萄糖5.76mmol/L,怀疑感染存在,手术暂停。7d后患者脑脊液细菌培养结果示结核性脑膜炎。患者外科情况稳定,与家属商议暂不考虑手术治疗。
 
讨论 
 
老年结核性脑膜炎患者的发生发展情况与机体免疫力降低具有一定的相关性。与青中年结核性脑膜炎患者相比,老年患者更容易出现误漏诊情况。分析其原因:
 
(1)部分患者发病缓。老年结核性脑膜炎患者发病以急性或亚急性为主,占74.19%,本例这种非慢性、非隐袭的发病情况容易误导临床医师将其诊断为病毒性脑膜炎、化脓性脑膜炎。
 
(2)提供病史与患者实际病史间的差别。通过仔细询问患者病史,大部分老年结核性脑膜炎患者所提供的病史要短于其实际患病时长,或部分患者甚至不能提供大致的发病时间,容易影响临床医师对疾病的诊断,从而导致老年结核性脑膜炎的误漏诊。
 
(3)伴发基础疾病。老年患者易合并冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病、高血压、慢性支气管炎、糖尿病等患者并发的这些疾病的典型临床症状,会使医师忽视对老年结核性脑膜炎等其他疾病的诊断。
 
除老年患者自身生理病理原因外,近年来抗生素的滥用导致老年性结脑临床症状更加不典型,误漏诊率升高。本例患者无恶心、呕吐及颈项强直,神志略淡漠,一直考虑与高龄、肾功能衰竭、语言沟通障碍有关,间断发热考虑与肺部感染及下肢创伤相关,而术前胸部CT已提示结核不能排除,如果能结合临床,请相关科室会诊可能会尽早发现,对于伴发疾病较多、病情复杂的老年患者更应该系统、认真地予以访视。穿刺部位感染是椎管内麻醉的禁忌,全身感染患者慎用椎管内麻醉。
 
中枢神经系统疾病,特别是脊髓或脊神经根病变者,麻醉后有可能后遗长期麻痹,疑有颅内高压者应列为禁忌。有文献报道,结核性脑膜炎患者颅内压增高征象明显,可出现脊神经受刺激或脊髓压迫、椎管阻塞等症状和体征。所以此类患者手术建议避免椎管内麻醉,可考虑神经阻滞或全麻。
 
总结此病例,结核性脑膜炎是一种严重的中枢神经系统感染性疾病,由于早期的临床特征及脑脊液改变均不典型,病原学检查检出率低,因此在结核性脑膜炎的诊断中,要对患者的临床表现、脑脊液相关指标、头颅影像学检查及是否存在颅外结核等进行综合判断。对有神经系统以外结核临床表现,如慢性长期低热、胸部影像学显示不能排除结核、结核菌素(PPD)试验阳性的患者,建议进一步行头颅CT甚至脑脊液检查,降低漏诊率。
 
对怀疑结核性脑膜炎者早期给予诊断性抗结核治疗的观点值得提倡。老年患者因发病缓急不一、采集病史不准确、伴发基础疾病多、影像学检查结果误导等原因,容易出现结核性脑膜炎的误漏诊。提醒以后的麻醉中首先要强调全面细致的术前访视会诊,外科临床工作中充分掌握结核性脑膜炎的诊断以及鉴别诊断,尤其对于一些特殊的多发病的老年患者,更应该细致地询问病史,认真做好查体,麻醉中时刻保持着高度的警觉性,随时处理突发事件。
 
原始出处:

周治国,徐建红.腰-硬联合麻醉中发现结核性脑膜炎一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2018(09):932.

版权声明:
本网站所有内容来源注明为“梅斯医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料,版权均属于梅斯医学所有。非经授权,任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载,授权转载时须注明来源为“梅斯医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章,或“梅斯号”自媒体发布的文章,仅系出于传递更多信息之目的,本站仅负责审核内容合规,其内容不代表本站立场,本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系,我们将立即进行删除处理。
在此留言
评论区 (4)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1642398, encodeId=62b616423989b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d541e864294' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结核性脑膜炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78642, encryptionId=d541e864294, topicName=结核性脑膜炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f20c22925171, createdName=446798725_87912772, createdTime=Tue Feb 25 13:25:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2042312, encodeId=0e67204231209, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=03a285424b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腰-硬联合麻醉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85424, encryptionId=03a285424b3, topicName=腰-硬联合麻醉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1d01326, createdName=lizhou0204, createdTime=Thu Sep 03 23:25:00 CST 2020, time=2020-09-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1987838, encodeId=a3ba198e838b8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8204e8635d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结核性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78635, encryptionId=8204e8635d9, topicName=结核性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8ebc122, createdName=yankaienglish, createdTime=Fri Dec 06 13:25:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1254301, encodeId=c4e6125430178, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f30ae86297d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结核#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78629, encryptionId=f30ae86297d, topicName=结核)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=huhuaidong387, createdTime=Sat Sep 21 04:25:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1642398, encodeId=62b616423989b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d541e864294' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结核性脑膜炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78642, encryptionId=d541e864294, topicName=结核性脑膜炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f20c22925171, createdName=446798725_87912772, createdTime=Tue Feb 25 13:25:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2042312, encodeId=0e67204231209, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=03a285424b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腰-硬联合麻醉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85424, encryptionId=03a285424b3, topicName=腰-硬联合麻醉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1d01326, createdName=lizhou0204, createdTime=Thu Sep 03 23:25:00 CST 2020, time=2020-09-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1987838, encodeId=a3ba198e838b8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8204e8635d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结核性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78635, encryptionId=8204e8635d9, topicName=结核性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8ebc122, createdName=yankaienglish, createdTime=Fri Dec 06 13:25:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1254301, encodeId=c4e6125430178, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f30ae86297d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结核#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78629, encryptionId=f30ae86297d, topicName=结核)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=huhuaidong387, createdTime=Sat Sep 21 04:25:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1642398, encodeId=62b616423989b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d541e864294' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结核性脑膜炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78642, encryptionId=d541e864294, topicName=结核性脑膜炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f20c22925171, createdName=446798725_87912772, createdTime=Tue Feb 25 13:25:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2042312, encodeId=0e67204231209, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=03a285424b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腰-硬联合麻醉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85424, encryptionId=03a285424b3, topicName=腰-硬联合麻醉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1d01326, createdName=lizhou0204, createdTime=Thu Sep 03 23:25:00 CST 2020, time=2020-09-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1987838, encodeId=a3ba198e838b8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8204e8635d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结核性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78635, encryptionId=8204e8635d9, topicName=结核性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8ebc122, createdName=yankaienglish, createdTime=Fri Dec 06 13:25:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1254301, encodeId=c4e6125430178, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f30ae86297d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结核#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78629, encryptionId=f30ae86297d, topicName=结核)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=huhuaidong387, createdTime=Sat Sep 21 04:25:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1642398, encodeId=62b616423989b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d541e864294' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结核性脑膜炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78642, encryptionId=d541e864294, topicName=结核性脑膜炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f20c22925171, createdName=446798725_87912772, createdTime=Tue Feb 25 13:25:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2042312, encodeId=0e67204231209, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=03a285424b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腰-硬联合麻醉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85424, encryptionId=03a285424b3, topicName=腰-硬联合麻醉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1d01326, createdName=lizhou0204, createdTime=Thu Sep 03 23:25:00 CST 2020, time=2020-09-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1987838, encodeId=a3ba198e838b8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8204e8635d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结核性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78635, encryptionId=8204e8635d9, topicName=结核性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8ebc122, createdName=yankaienglish, createdTime=Fri Dec 06 13:25:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1254301, encodeId=c4e6125430178, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f30ae86297d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结核#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78629, encryptionId=f30ae86297d, topicName=结核)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=huhuaidong387, createdTime=Sat Sep 21 04:25:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]