感冒好了还咳嗽,不要忽视了这种咳嗽的病因!

2021-09-30 关0027 MedSci原创

咳嗽是临床最常见的症状之一,是机体的一种防御机制,人体通过咳嗽反射清除气道分泌物和异物,但频繁咳嗽会对患者的工作、生活和社会活动造成严重影响。

门诊经常会有这样的患者来就诊:

 

「医生,我感冒早就好了,可为什么还一直咳嗽呀?」

 

遇到这种感冒痊愈后,咳嗽仍不止的患者,应该怎么办呢?

 

 

咳嗽是临床最常见的症状之一,是机体的一种防御机制,人体通过咳嗽反射清除气道分泌物和异物,但频繁咳嗽会对患者的工作、生活和社会活动造成严重影响。

 

咳嗽按时间分为3类:急性咳嗽(<3周),亚急性咳嗽(3~8周)和慢性咳嗽(>8周)。其中,亚急性咳嗽的主要病因是感染后咳嗽,占亚急性咳嗽的38.8%~50.8%,其次是咳嗽变异型哮喘(CVA)、嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎(EB)和上气道咳嗽综合征(UACS)等。

 

 

一、什么是感染后咳嗽(post infectious cough, PIC)?

 

急性呼吸道感染的症状消失后,咳嗽迁延不愈持续3-8周,表现为刺激性干咳或咳少量白色粘液痰,X线胸片检查无异常,其中以病毒感冒引起的咳嗽最为常见,又称为“感冒后咳嗽”。

 

PIC在上呼吸道感染流行季节的发病率可达25%~50%,既往有PIC病史和咳嗽敏感性增加的患者更易发生PIC,在有上呼吸道感染病史的人群中,PIC的发病率约11%~25%。PIC在各个年龄阶段均可发病,冷空气、烟雾、粉尘等是常见的诱发因素。

 

 

 

 

二、PIC发病的原因是什么?

 

研究证实,大多数PIC与呼吸道病毒感染有关,可能是因为病毒破坏气道粘膜上皮,导致气道损伤和炎症,继而刺激咳嗽反射,导致咳嗽敏感性增高和气道高反应性是感染后咳嗽发病的重要原因。引起感染后咳嗽的病原体较多,如肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体、百日咳杆菌、卡他莫拉菌、流感病毒、副流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、鼻病毒等,最常见的是病毒和百日咳杆菌。

 

总之,PIC的发病机制主要与气道炎症,气道高反应、支气管粘膜上皮损伤、神经源因素、咳嗽反射高敏感性及心理因素有关,因其复杂的发病机制,临床缺乏针对性药物。

 

 

三、PIC的诊断与治疗

 

PIC的诊断与呼吸道感染病史相关,但是单纯依靠感冒或上呼吸道感染病史和患者的咳嗽症状诊断PIC可能会造成EB、CVA漏诊,专家建议有条件时进行支气管激发试验和诱导痰细胞学检查。

 

PIC常为自限性,多能自行缓解,主要以对症处理为主。但部分患者咳嗽顽固,甚至发展为慢性咳嗽,因此,一定程度上需要给予药物干预,以缓解症状、缩短病程。

 

根据《咳嗽的诊断与治疗指南(2015)》建议,对部分咳嗽症状明显且病程较长的患者,建议短期应用抗组胺药与减充血剂,如复方甲氧那明;抗组胺药,如中枢镇咳药右美沙芬、喷托维林、右啡烷(非依赖性镇咳药)等。孟鲁司特无效,不建议使用。吸入性糖皮质激素(ICS)疗效不明确,不建议使用。

 

呼吸道病毒是导致PIC的重要原因,因此,病毒感染后咳嗽不必使用抗菌药物治疗。但在儿童中应特别注意肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体及百日咳杆菌感染所致的PIC,对于确诊者应尽早使用抗生素治疗。

 

 

四、PIC的中医辨治

 

中医认为PIC与风邪的关系尤为密切,系风邪犯肺、肺气失宣所致,治疗宜疏风宣肺、止咳利咽、指南中提到的苏黄止咳胶囊以祛风解痉为主,针对风邪偏盛的PIC有效。

 

参考文献:
1.Kwon N H , Oh M J ,  Min T H , et al. Causesand clinical features of subacute cough.[J]. Chest, 2006, 129(5):1142-1147.
2.周琼,骆天炯.感染后咳嗽发病机制的研究进展[J].中华肺部疾病杂志(电子版),2018,11(03):373-376.
3.Madison J M , Irwin R S . Cough: A Worldwide Problem[J]. Otolaryngologic Clinics ofNorth America, 2010, 43(1):1-13.
4.Braman, Sidney S . Postinfectious cough: ACCP evidence-based clinical practiceguidelines.[J]. Chest, 2006, 129(1):138S-146S.
5.孙放, 张纾难, 王珏云,等. 感染后咳嗽的中医病因病机及治疗[J]. 中华中医药杂志, 2020, v.35(04):277-279.
6.中华医学会呼吸病学分会哮喘学组. 咳嗽的诊断与治疗指南(2015)[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2016, 39(005):323-354.

 

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    2021-09-30 谭桂峰

    积极学习

    0

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    2021-09-30 易水河

    学习学习

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    2021-09-30 黑布林

    赚积分

    0

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