产前超声诊断尿直肠隔畸形序列征1例

2020-02-19 王义 杨小红 高珍 临床超声医学杂志

孕妇,26岁,孕1产0,既往无特殊病史和致畸物接触史。

孕妇,26岁,孕1产0,既往无特殊病史和致畸物接触史。
 
孕12周超声检查:胎儿头臀长5.4 cm,颈项透明层厚度0.12 cm,羊水最大前后径2.5 cm。
 
孕22周产前系统超声检查:胎头呈长型,枕额径6.7 cm,双顶径4.1 cm,头围17.7 cm,颜面部显示欠清晰。胸壁完整,双肺偏小,左肺大小1.8 cm×1.1 cm,右肺大小2.1 cm×1.2 cm。心脏位置正常,心胸比增大(0.66),四腔心及左右室流出道均正常,冠状静脉窦可见扩张(0.3 cm×0.2 cm),永存左位上腔静脉引流入内进入右房。腹围17.3 cm,泡大小1.1 cm×1.2 cm,肠管增宽回声增强,类似于骨骼回声,范围1.8 cm×0.9 cm,末端呈盲状(图1A)。胎儿右肾大小3.8 cm×2.2 cm,部分跨过中线达左侧,内可见多个大小不等且互不相通的类圆形无回声区,左肾区未见明显肾脏回声,左侧肾上腺平卧于脊柱旁(图1B)。盆腔内可见一类似膀胱样回声的囊状结构(图1C),大小1.3 cm×0.8 cm,形态不规则,位置偏右移。脐带横断面呈“吕”字形,彩色多普勒显示为“一红一蓝”,右侧脐动脉未显示。胎儿外生殖器显示不清。脊椎末端短促(图1D),圆锥位置尚正常,骶尾部显示不清,局部未见明显连续中断,椎管内无膨出物。四肢显示欠清晰,肱骨长3.1 cm,股骨长3.0 cm,肢体活动明显受限。羊膜腔内无羊水。



图1 URSMS胎儿产前超声检查图像。A:箭头示胎儿肠道回声增强,类似于骨骼回声;B:脊柱右侧可见增大的呈多囊性改变的右肾回声,脊柱左侧未见左肾;C:箭头示膀胱位于盆腔偏右,呈不规则囊性包块;D:箭头示脊椎末端短促
 
超声提示:宫内中孕单活胎(超声孕周20+1周);胎儿多发畸形(右肾体积增大,呈多囊性改变,左肾缺如或融合肾并囊性发育不良可能;膀胱形态异常;肠管扩张呈盲端伴“肠石症”;脊柱畸形,骶尾椎缺失可能;胎儿永久性左位上腔静脉;单脐动脉;无羊水);考虑尿直肠隔畸形序列征(URSMS)合并心脏永存左位上腔静脉。
 
孕妇后于我院引产一男死婴,CT示脊柱胸椎T3~T7部分椎体相互融合,骶椎发育不良,融合成一小椎体,尾椎缺失(图2)。尸体外观:双耳位置较低,胸腹壁无缺损,阴茎可见,无阴囊,无肛门,双下肢及膝关节强直,双足外翻。病理解剖:结肠高位闭锁,远端呈盲状扩张,与膀胱连而不通,右侧融合肾并多囊性肾发育不良,可见两条细小输尿管与膀胱相连,膀胱内或见一小腔,壁明显增厚0.7 cm,膀胱与后尿道不相通;双侧隐睾;双肺发育不良,左肺单叶,大小3.0 cm×2.1 cm×1.5 cm;右肺双叶,大小3.5 cm×1.7 cm×1.3 cm;心脏增大,永存左位上腔静脉;骶尾部皮肤完整,圆椎位置正常,无脊柱裂。尸检证实为URSMS合并永存左位上腔静脉。


图2 URSMS胎儿大体标本的CT图像和三维重建图。A:CT图像;B:三维重建图
 
讨论:
 
URSMS临床极为罕见,发病率占初生婴儿的1/250 000~1/50 000,男女发病比率为0.87。根据会阴有无开口,将URSMS分为完全型和部分型,其中完全型表现为会阴开口缺失合并泌尿生殖器、结肠及腰骶骨异常,常合并双肺发育不良及羊水过少,预后极差;部分型表现为单个会阴开口伴肛门闭锁及泌尿生殖器、结肠及腰骶骨异常。
 
URSMS诊断依赖于尸检,特征性畸形是以肛门闭锁为主要表现的肠道异常、泌尿道异常(肾发育不良或不发育、肾积水、膀胱及尿道发育不良等)、外生殖器发育模糊不清、内生殖器发育异常、骶尾部异常、脊髓栓系及羊水少等。产前超声表现与胎儿合并畸形相关,包括膀胱扩张致下腹部不规则囊性包块、多囊性肾发育不良和(或)肾积水、扩张的肠管伴“肠石症”、骶尾椎发育异常、羊水过少等征象,其联合出现可考虑为URSMS。
 
本例畸形胎儿肾脏呈融合状多囊样改变,正常尿液生成减少;外生殖器仅见阴茎,双侧隐睾,膀胱与后尿道不相通,膀胱内尿液不能排至羊膜腔内致中孕期无羊水,孕12周时羊水量正常可能与母体血清经胎膜进入羊膜腔的透析液有关。本例胎儿有结肠高位闭锁、无肛,属于完全型URSMS,同时合并骶尾椎发育异常、圆锥位置下移、双下肢及膝关节强直、足外翻等畸形。产前超声对URSMS 尚无直接诊断征象,肠管扩张或膀胱后方囊性包块等间接征象可作为诊断线索。URSMS畸形胎儿预后极差,部分出生存活者需多次行泌尿生殖器与肠道重建手术,严重影响生存质量,产前一旦明确诊断,应立即终止妊娠。
 
原始出处:

王义,杨小红,高珍,王珍荣,訚胜平.产前超声诊断尿直肠隔畸形序列征1例[J].临床超声医学杂志,2019,21(01):67+69.

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    2020-02-21 wushaoling
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    2020-02-21 qilu_qi
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