一般剂量药物无效 重症哮喘特殊临床类型一例

2018-07-28 袁壮 薛辛东 儿科急重症与疑难病例诊治评述

哮喘持续状态(Status asthmatics)或称哮喘严重发作系指哮喘急性严重发作,经合理应用一般剂量的β2受体激动剂和氨茶碱不见缓解,病情进行性加重者。本病属于重症哮喘的一种特殊临床类型,由于严重的支气管痉挛,过度的粘液分泌和气道炎症、水肿可致明显的通气功能障碍,如不及时治疗可发展至呼吸衰竭甚至死亡,是临床急症之一。

哮喘持续状态(Status asthmatics)或称哮喘严重发作系指哮喘急性严重发作,经合理应用一般剂量的β2受体激动剂和氨茶碱不见缓解,病情进行性加重者。本病属于重症哮喘的一种特殊临床类型,由于严重的支气管痉挛,过度的粘液分泌和气道炎症、水肿可致明显的通气功能障碍,如不及时治疗可发展至呼吸衰竭甚至死亡,是临床急症之一。

哮喘持续状态在全球仍是收入PICU患儿的常见疾病,并仍然有很高的病死率。其病理生理变化主要是由于严重肺泡通气不足、通气/灌流失衡,进而引起明显的低氧血症和二氧化碳潴留。如病情未及时有效控制,持续的组织缺氧和二氧化碳潴留尚可导致代谢性及呼吸性酸中毒、急性充血性心力衰竭(缺氧→肺动脉收缩→肺动脉压↑→右心负荷↑)及各种离子紊乱。如气道阻塞伴有严重肺气肿时,可进一步引起心脏舒张功能受限,使心力衰竭持续加重,如不及时治疗,最终可因顽固性心力衰竭及呼吸衰竭死亡。

全球对哮喘死亡资料的分析显示,自20世纪70年代中期以来,美国、澳大利亚、新西兰及英国等都有增加趋势,我国目前尚无有关小儿哮喘病死率的详细统计资料。我院自1983年成立PICU以来,尚未有哮喘持续状态患儿死亡者。国外资料表明:造成小儿哮喘持续状态死亡的原因主要有以下几方面:①缺乏对哮喘严重性的认识,特别是对于不稳定性哮喘和对肺阻塞知觉不良的病人;②治疗不恰当,过多使用“快速见效”的β2受体兴奋剂药物;③皮质类固醇药物用量不足。

【病例介绍】

患儿,女,12岁。以“反复喘息8年,加重3天”来诊。该患儿自4岁起反复喘息发作,以活动后及感冒后加重,喘时伴喉部“咝咝”声,休息后有时可自行缓解。6岁时于当地确诊为“哮喘”发作时予以青霉素抗炎、吸氧、静滴氨茶碱及地塞米松等治疗,缓解后未予其他药物治疗,每年约发作4~5次。近3天因劳累、感冒后,喘息加重,经上述治疗仍不缓解,呼吸困难明显,不能平卧,遂转至我院治疗。患儿婴幼期反复患湿疹,3岁后患鼻炎至今,其祖父母有哮喘病史。

体格检查:P 130次/分,RR 45次/分,Bp 14﹒2/9.2kPa,W34kg,神志清楚,发育及营养中等,端坐呼吸,未吸氧下口周发绀,大汗淋漓,呼吸促,45次/分,三凹征(+),桶状胸,双肺叩诊呈鼓音,呼吸音减弱,未闻及明显哮鸣音,水泡音(-),HR 130次/分,心音低钝,律齐,无杂音,腹软,腹肝界右锁中线第7 肋间,肝肋下2.0cm,四肢活动良。

辅助检查:WBC 15 × 10 9/L,N 0﹒63,L 0﹒37,p H 7﹒31,PaCO 26kPa(45.1mmHg),PaO 28kPa(60mmHg),SaO 286%,HCO 3ˉ19mmol/L,BE‐6mmol/L,胸部X 片:双肺透过度增强,呈气肿改变。

入院诊断儿童哮喘(重度)、哮喘持续状态、心力衰竭、失代偿性代酸并呼酸、低氧血症

【治疗措施】

1.入PICU行心电、血压、血氧饱和度监测,急检动脉血气,床头拍胸部X 线片。

2.置患儿于半卧位,面罩吸氧(加温、湿化),氧流量5L/min。

3.及时吸痰,保持呼吸道通畅。

4.0﹒5%舒喘灵溶液1.0ml +蒸馏水1.0ml 雾化吸入,开始每30分钟吸入一次,3小时后病情稳定,减为每4小时吸入一次。

5.氨茶碱100mg +10%G﹒S 240ml 按1ml/分速度续静脉滴入(因院前已用,故不用负荷量,只用维持量)。

6.Dexamethason 10mg Bid iv 侧。

7.毒毛K0.23mg iv 侧入强心、5%水合氯醛20ml 灌肠镇静、5%碳酸氢钠30ml纠正代谢性酸中毒、静滴红霉素抗炎。

8.如上治疗2小时,病情仍无明显缓解,故给予25%硫酸镁0.1ml/kg +10%GS20ml 静滴(20分钟内),1小时后病情稳定,呼吸困难有所减轻。

9.经上述综合治疗,肺内喘鸣音于入院后2.5小时出现,心率于入院后4小时降为120次/分以下,呼吸困难于入院后8小时缓解,改为鼻导管吸氧。

继续于PICU治疗观察12小时,双肺喘鸣音明显减少,心率100次/分,心音有力,肝肋下1.0cm,肺肝界上移至第6 肋间,动脉血气PaCO 23﹒9kPa(30mmHg),其余正常,转出ICU。继续吸入喘乐宁及必可酮气雾剂巩固治疗一周后出院。出院时嘱长期吸入必可酮气雾剂(总疗程2年,定期复查,病情允许时方可在医生指导下逐渐减量),避免剧烈运动、灰尘等诱发因素(过敏源检测对尘螨过敏)。预防感冒。每月于呼吸专业门诊定期复查一次。

【诊治评述】

1.关于哮喘持续状态的定义 既住对哮喘持续状态的定义较为严格,需在哮喘持续发作24小时以上才诊断。随着人们对哮喘认识的深入,逐渐发觉以哮喘持续的时间为判定指标并不科学,且不利于有效的治疗。因此为提高医生对本病的重视,及时实施有效的积极治疗,故对哮喘持续状态的定义较既往做了本质上的更改,即不再以持续的时间长短作为判定标准,而是将哮喘严重发作,经合理应用一般剂量的β2受体激动剂和氨茶碱不见缓解,病情进行性加重为主要诊断依据。本例患儿已喘息发作3天,氨茶碱、激素反复使用不见缓解且持续加重,故符合本病的诊断。

2.哮喘持续状态在临床上主要表现为喘息发作进行性加重、咳嗽、胸闷、呼吸困难、发绀及呼吸困难。既往有以下病史发生哮喘持续状态的可能性将增加:①反复哮喘发作史;②未按哮喘规范化治疗史;③多次收入PICU史;④激素依赖史;⑤家属对哮喘缺乏认识史;⑥未用激素治疗长期只用β2受体兴奋剂治疗史;⑦未按医嘱长期应用氨茶碱治疗未进行血药监测史。

3.哮喘持续状态时的体格检查通常可见窘迫性咳嗽、呼吸困难、呼气时相延长、满肺野高调喘鸣音,肺膨胀过度,吸气性凹陷,烦躁,恐惧,心动过速,奇脉,重者可出现意识恍惚、昏迷及周身衰竭体征。但应强调的是,严重哮喘时肺内喘鸣音可反而减弱甚至消失,因为喘鸣音的产生必需有一定量的通气量,而严重哮喘时因气道明显缩窄吸入气量可能不足,查体时对此应特殊注意,否则可因对病情错误估计而影响积极治疗。本例患儿入院时双肺喘鸣音消失,提示病情危重;经合理治疗后2.5小时喘鸣音出现,预示病情较前好转。

4.辅助检查对评估哮喘持续状态有重要价值,其中动脉血气的测定意义重大,连续监测PaO 2、PaCO 2及pH 对正确管理重度哮喘非常必要。哮喘发作早期,病人常过度通气,CO 2随呼吸排出多,表现为PaCO 2降低及低氧血症。急性中、重度哮喘时,PaO 2持续降低,而PaCO 2是可以正常的,但这可能是即将发生呼吸衰竭的指征。代谢性酸中毒及呼吸性酸中毒可随之发生。肺部影像学检查对判断肺内气肿程度、有无感染病灶、肺不张、气胸及有无肺动脉突出等有一定参考价值。平时应用茶碱者可测血中茶碱浓度。早期可行肺功能检查,表现为流速减低,肺活量(VC)降低,功能余气量(FRC)及残气量(RV)增加,如给予β2受体激动剂后,PEF 或FEV1仍<40%预计值意味着病情严重。本例患儿已有代酸并呼酸存在,且PaCO 2已达6kPa(46mmHg),该值在其他肺部疾病尚属可接受范围,但在哮喘病人则意味病情十分严重。

近年,全国小儿哮喘协作组依据国内外临床经验,制定了哮喘急性发作期的分度标准,对临床治疗有其重要的指导意义,见表2‐1。


表2‐1 哮喘急性发作期分度的诊断标准

按此分度标准,本例患儿属重度哮喘,故应按重度哮喘予以积极对症治疗。

5.哮喘持续状态的治疗

(1)一般治疗

1)保持呼吸道通畅:哮喘持续状态时的通/换气功能障碍除气道本身的痉挛外,尚有气道内过度的粘液分泌,痰阻性肺不张及肺内炎症等因素的影响,因此及时清理气道内痰液,减少痰液对气道的不良刺激(可诱发痉挛)对纠正低氧及二氧化碳潴留非常重要。吸痰时每次切勿时间过长,如痰液粘稠可吸入加温湿化的氧气。传统的超声雾化吸入(N﹒S+Gentamycin +Dexamethason +α‐chymtrypsin)不宜在哮喘持续状态时使用,因其不仅不利于稀释痰液,而且会因雾化颗粒大,对气道刺激性强反而会加重气道痉挛。超声雾化液中的地塞米松其结构及药代动力学与吸入型糖皮质激素明显不同,前者与气道内糖皮质激素受体的亲和力降低,与气道粘膜组织结合很少,滞留时间短,难以奏效。

2)吸氧:缺氧通常在中度或重度哮喘的病程早期即可发生,远在可察觉到的发绀之前存在。因此早期及时吸氧对控制病情甚为重要。对其他肺部疾病有较好吸氧效果的氧气函(氧气帐)不宜在哮喘持续状态时用,因:①雾气压力低,难以达到下气道;②气雾对高反应性气道有强烈刺激作用,可迅速诱发支气管痉挛;③透明性差,不宜观察病情。现主张使用面罩吸氧,吸入氧浓度不要过高,以40%为宜,流量相当于6~8L/min,最终应保持氧饱和度在90%以上。吸入的氧气应通过加温湿化装置(一般各型呼吸机皆附有该装置,可拆下单独使用),否则干燥及寒冷的氧气不仅对气道有高反应性刺激,而且易使气道内分泌物干燥、结痂,难以清理吸出。应避免使用高浓度氧,因其能导致肺不张,或减轻呼吸动力。

3)镇静:缺氧及早期的呼吸性碱中毒可使哮喘患儿出现烦躁、不安、恐惧,有者可出现因刺激所致的持续性、痉挛性咳嗽,此时应考虑使用镇静剂。镇静剂应选择不抑制呼吸中枢的药物,如5%水合氯醛。麻醉剂或巴比妥酸盐类药物(安定等)禁用或少量慎用,若在气管插管下可不受限制。

(2)药物治疗

1)β2受体兴奋剂:β2受体兴奋剂因其具有快速解除气道平滑肌痉挛作用,故在哮喘持续状态的急救中,是最基础的常用药物。目前使用的药物有吸入及注射用两大类。由于近年来,雾化气泵的临床推广,现吸入治疗已基本替代了以往的注射治疗。β2受体兴奋剂吸入治疗的优点是安全(约药剂量小,主要作用于气道,对心脏影响小)、迅速、高效,已在哮喘持续状态的治疗中作为首选给药途径。常用药物为舒喘灵溶液(Sulbutnmol),用特殊的雾化吸入装置(氧或空气压缩泵作动力)给药。见表2‐2。


表2‐2 不同年龄雾化吸入舒喘灵溶液的配制

开始可每20~60分钟吸入一次,病情好转可每隔4~6小时吸入一次,以后依哮喘缓解情况,逐渐延长间隔时间。有条件者,应动态监测心率、呼吸、血压及心电图,药物剂量的选择应以无诱发心率增快为宜。重度哮喘患儿对起初的β2受体兴奋剂吸入性治疗无反应,或病人处于严重的呼吸困难和吸入流速不足,阻碍雾化药物向气道深部吸入时,可:①皮下注射1∶1000 的肾上腺素0.01ml/kg(最大不超过0.03ml);②静脉注射舒喘灵溶液(剂量为学龄儿童每次5μg/kg;亦可用10%葡萄糖250ml +舒喘灵2mg,1ml/min 持续滴入,即8μg/min 左右,起效时间为20~30min,病情好转速度减慢,维持时间4~6小时,故6~8小时可重复用药,学龄前小儿舒喘灵剂量应减半,用药期间应有心电监护;③异丙肾上腺素静脉滴注(0.1μg/kg),在心电监护下可每10~15分钟按0.1μg/kg 的速度增加剂量,直到动脉血氧分压及通气功能改善,或心率>180~200次/分时停用,症状好转后可维持用药24小时。

2)糖皮质激素:糖皮质激素和β2受体激动剂的联合应用是治疗严重哮喘的关键。对全球死亡哮喘的分析表明,糖皮质激素应用不足及β2受体激动剂应用过量,是哮喘致死的重要原因。糖皮质激素不但有抑制多种与哮喘有关的炎症介质的合成、趋化及释放,减少微血管渗漏,减轻粘膜水肿等作用,而且还能增加气道平滑肌对β2受体激动剂的效应,从而更有利于解除气道的痉挛。因此,对严重哮喘患儿应及早、足量使用注射用糖皮质激素。常用药物有:①氢化可的松,每次5~10mg/kg,每隔6小时静脉注射;②甲基强的松龙,每次1~2mg/kg,每隔6小时静脉注射;③地塞米松,每次0.25~0.75mg/kg,每隔8~12小静脉注射。

3)氨茶碱:静脉用氨茶碱在哮喘持续状态治疗中的作用已得到充分肯定。有人认为在β2受体激动剂基础上加用氨茶碱,其早期作用可能并不明显,但经过24小时后,其作用已超过糖皮质激素加上β2受体激动剂的作用。氨茶碱除有扩张支气管平滑肌及兴奋呼吸中枢的作用外,现还证明能增加气道粘膜纤毛的清除作用,减轻气道粘膜水肿,抑制炎症介质的释放及强心、利尿、扩张冠状动脉等效应。

应用剂量及用法:氨茶碱4~6mg/kg静脉侧管给药,时间不应短于10~20分钟,且可每4~6小时重复。现多主张持续静脉输入,即开始用负荷量4~6mg/kg,于20~30分钟静脉滴入,以后以0.75~1.25mg/kg?h 持续滴入(2~6个月小儿0.5mg/kg?h,6~11个月小儿0.9mg/kg?h)。如入院时病人已用过氨茶碱,则不用负荷量。氨茶碱的最佳血药浓度是每毫升血中10~20μg,超过20μg 极有可能发生中毒。毒性反应包括:头痛、心悸、头晕、胃痛、恶心、呕吐、口渴、低血压、心律失常、抽搐等。见表2‐3。


表2‐3 不同年龄每日氨茶碱安全剂量

4)抗胆碱药:溴化异丙托品(爱喘乐)与β2受体激动剂联合吸入,可增加后者的疗效,尤其适于夜间哮喘及痰多的哮喘患儿。前者主要通过阻断节后迷走神经传出支,通过降低迷走神经张力而舒张支气管,副作用较小。哮喘持续状态时爱喘乐溶液可与舒喘灵溶液放入同一泵内联合吸入,其剂量为≤2岁,每次125μg(0.5ml);>2岁,每次250μg(1ml),用法同舒喘灵溶液。

5)硫酸镁:静脉给予硫酸镁在重症哮喘的治疗中日益受到重视,特别是对于已使用上述药物效果不佳者,能收到较好的疗效。本药主要是通过干扰支气管平滑肌细胞内钙内流而起到松弛气道平滑肌之作用。其用法为0.025g/kg(25%硫酸镁0.1ml/kg)+10%GS 20ml 在20分钟内静滴,每日1~2次。给药期间应密切注意呼吸、血压变化,如过量可用10%葡萄糖酸钙拮抗。

(3)维持体液、电解质及酸碱平衡:哮喘持续状态时,可因呼吸增快、烦躁、发烧、体液摄入不足、呕吐、给氨茶碱或其他利尿剂等使体液丢失增加而导致不同程度的脱水。同时,低氧血症、高碳酸血症(晚期)及通气/灌流比例失衡,均可导致呼吸性酸中毒(二氧化碳潴留)及代谢性酸中毒(缺氧→乳酸生成增多)。β2受体激动剂的反复使用,钾摄入不足,利尿及纠正酸中毒等可导致低钾血症。因此治疗上应注意液体量的补充,能进食者鼓励经口饮水及果汁,不能进食者可予以鼻饲。保持呼吸道通畅,湿化,及时吸痰以利二氧化碳排出。血气示有代谢性酸中毒者可给予碳酸氢钠[5%碳酸氢钠(ml)=剩余碱负值×体重(kg)×0.5]。低血钾者经口或静脉常规补钾。

(4)抗心力衰竭治疗:低氧血症、高碳酸血症、酸中毒可导致肺动脉痉挛→肺动脉压力增高→充血性心力衰竭。同时双肺严重气肿→心舒张功能受限→体循环、肺循环淤血→心力衰竭加重。抗心力衰竭的原则是吸氧、镇静、强心、利尿及减轻心脏前后负荷。

(5)抗生素:有细菌感染指征,可给予抗生素。勿大量、长期使用,否则青霉素族类药物可增加气道的敏感性。红霉素类药物对气道反应性影响不大,但可减慢氨茶碱的代谢。脱水及肾上腺素治疗后,外周血白细胞可明显增高,应与感染相鉴别。胸片上,斑点状肺不张可与肺炎相混淆。

(6)气管插管及机械通气:对以上治疗无反应的呼吸衰竭患儿需用呼吸机辅助通气治疗。机械呼吸的指征:①持续严重的呼吸困难;②呼吸音减低到几乎听不到哮鸣音及呼吸音;③因过度通气和呼吸肌疲劳而使胸廓运动受限;④意识障碍、烦躁或抑制甚至昏迷;⑤吸入40%氧后发绀毫不缓解;⑥PaCO 2≥8.6kPa(65mmHg)。机械通气的目的是在尽量减少气压伤的基础上介质足够的氧合和维持通气直至其他治疗充分显效。

【临床经验】

1﹒体征与血气的变化

(1)严重哮喘时双肺哮鸣音反而减弱甚至消失,查体时应特殊注意。忽略该体征不仅容易漏诊(特别是既往未明确诊断哮喘者),而且会延误积极的抗哮喘有效治疗。

(2)哮喘持续状态的早期,PaCO 2是明显减低的,如PaCO 2已在正常范围4.7~6.0kPa(35~45mmHg)提示哮喘已较严重,且可能是发生呼吸衰竭的先兆。故对于哮喘患儿,PaCO 2的变化特点应特殊注意。

2﹒β2受体激动剂应用应注意的问题

(1)皮下或静脉用β2受体激动剂应慎用,不做首选。只当吸入困难或在吸入用药基础上已联合应用氨茶碱、激素等治疗无效时方可考虑使用。

(2)应在心电监护下使用上述药物,注意有无心率失常发生。

(3)勿过多使用肾上腺素类药物(易使痰液粘稠,减少糖原贮存,增加恐惧感)。无规律的频繁使用β2受体激动剂,非但不能有效地扩张气道,反而可因该药的中间代谢产物(3‐甲氧基异丙肾上腺素)具有交感神经β2受体阻滞作用使支气管痉挛加重,诱发肺闭锁综合征(LLS)。

(4)低氧血症、酸中毒、粘液性气道阻塞、气胸或重度哮喘时皆可对肾上腺素能药物缺乏反应,其敏感性可能在上述对症治疗实施后有所改善。

3﹒糖皮质激素应用的有关问题

(1)勿过分担心副作用,48~72小时内大量使用糖皮质激素是安全的。

(2)如患儿住院前已使用糖皮质激素,勿撤掉,而应临时增加剂量。

(3)症状缓解后,应逐渐减低剂量,最好在5~7天内完全停药。

(4)及早吸入丙酸培氯米松雾化溶液,有时可避免或减少全身激素的使用。

4﹒氨茶碱应用的注意事项

(1)长期应用应选择血药浓度低值(10μg/ml)。

(2)有条件者应监测血药浓度,>20μg/ml 停止静脉维持用量。

(3)注意个体差异及其他因素的影响:

1)加速茶碱清除的因素:高蛋白饮食,吸烟和抗惊厥的药物(苯巴比妥、苯妥英钠)。

2)减慢茶碱清除的因素:1岁内小儿,高碳水化合物饮食,红霉素,甲氰咪呱,病毒血症和充血性心力衰竭。

5﹒纠正酸碱平衡紊乱及液体补充

(1)哮喘持续状态的不缓解与脱水、酸中毒及低钾血症的存在关系密切,应高度重视并及时纠正。

(2)低氧血症、酸中毒可明显减低β2受体激动剂的疗效。

(3)给予碳酸氢钠纠正酸中毒时,PaCO 2可能继续增高,应注意保持气道通畅。

(4)低钾血症持续存在可使心力衰竭加重。

(5)及时复查血气及离子。

6﹒掌握好机械通气的指征

(1)对肺顺应性差的患儿最好使用定容型呼吸机,否则难以达到合适的潮气量。

(2)潮气量在10~15ml/kg 为宜,注意胸廓起伏及呼吸音强弱,尽量在无气压伤基础上保持良好的通气PaCO 2 5﹒3~8.0kPa(40~60mmHg)。

(3)镇静药选择可不受限制,保持病人安静且与呼吸机同步。

(4)延长呼气时间以避免气体潴留。

(5)在恢复阶段保持一定的呼气末正压,以防肺不张发生。

(6)注意气胸等并发症的发生。有条件需每日床头排胸片一次。

(7)可通过气管插管定期吸入雾化的β2受体兴奋剂药物。

7﹒长期治疗的原则 

哮喘持续状态缓解后的回家治疗至关重要,医生一定要向家属(或较大患儿本人)讲明出院后自我管理的重要性,包括:①什么是哮喘;②为什么哮喘需长期治疗;③为什么要吸入激素治疗;④长期吸入激素为什么不用担心副作用;⑤吸入的正确方法;⑥峰流速仪的使用和哮喘日志的记录;⑦如何避免诱发因素;⑧定期复诊的重要性。只有做到以上这些,患儿用药才能有良好的依从性和规律性,才能有效地避免哮喘持续状态的再发生,才能最终从根本上治愈哮喘。

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=355404, encodeId=06b935540435, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://login.medsci.cn/upload/avatar/f3d88083d8829740786bed95c22464d1/e325f3af93bb747a620d16c209094d69.jpg, createdBy=9efb2014947, createdName=小小小麦兜, createdTime=Fri Dec 14 16:07:05 CST 2018, time=2018-12-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=346483, encodeId=18e234648310, content=重症哮喘特殊临床救治。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Sep 24 20:53:23 CST 2018, time=2018-09-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=345222, encodeId=2f4e3452227f, content=哮喘特殊临床类型。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Sep 16 09:42:59 CST 2018, time=2018-09-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=342647, encodeId=2b5834264e11, content= ̄般剂量药物无效。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Tue Sep 04 15:58:43 CST 2018, time=2018-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339778, encodeId=db57339e78a0, content=重症哮喘特殊临床救治。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Aug 20 20:51:36 CST 2018, time=2018-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=337300, encodeId=e73133e30005, content=一般剂量药物无效。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Aug 08 12:36:35 CST 2018, time=2018-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336490, encodeId=06f23364909e, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Aug 05 06:54:51 CST 2018, time=2018-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336321, encodeId=a7d333632116, content=一例重型哮喘的治疗。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/16/3b24606172648eea459125cb74754afe.jpg, createdBy=6c022216608, createdName=liumin1987, createdTime=Sat Aug 04 10:56:02 CST 2018, time=2018-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336012, encodeId=a88c33601237, content=重症哮喘特殊临床类型。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Fri Aug 03 12:27:31 CST 2018, time=2018-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=335238, encodeId=525133523841, content=好文章学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Tue Jul 31 06:44:03 CST 2018, time=2018-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-12-14 小小小麦兜

    学习了

    0

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    2018-09-24 jyzxjiangqin

    重症哮喘特殊临床救治。

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=355404, encodeId=06b935540435, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://login.medsci.cn/upload/avatar/f3d88083d8829740786bed95c22464d1/e325f3af93bb747a620d16c209094d69.jpg, createdBy=9efb2014947, createdName=小小小麦兜, createdTime=Fri Dec 14 16:07:05 CST 2018, time=2018-12-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=346483, encodeId=18e234648310, content=重症哮喘特殊临床救治。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Sep 24 20:53:23 CST 2018, time=2018-09-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=345222, encodeId=2f4e3452227f, content=哮喘特殊临床类型。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Sep 16 09:42:59 CST 2018, time=2018-09-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=342647, encodeId=2b5834264e11, content= ̄般剂量药物无效。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Tue Sep 04 15:58:43 CST 2018, time=2018-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339778, encodeId=db57339e78a0, content=重症哮喘特殊临床救治。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Aug 20 20:51:36 CST 2018, time=2018-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=337300, encodeId=e73133e30005, content=一般剂量药物无效。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Aug 08 12:36:35 CST 2018, time=2018-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336490, encodeId=06f23364909e, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Aug 05 06:54:51 CST 2018, time=2018-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336321, encodeId=a7d333632116, content=一例重型哮喘的治疗。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/16/3b24606172648eea459125cb74754afe.jpg, createdBy=6c022216608, createdName=liumin1987, createdTime=Sat Aug 04 10:56:02 CST 2018, time=2018-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336012, encodeId=a88c33601237, content=重症哮喘特殊临床类型。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Fri Aug 03 12:27:31 CST 2018, time=2018-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=335238, encodeId=525133523841, content=好文章学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Tue Jul 31 06:44:03 CST 2018, time=2018-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-09-16 jyzxjiangqin

    哮喘特殊临床类型。

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=355404, encodeId=06b935540435, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://login.medsci.cn/upload/avatar/f3d88083d8829740786bed95c22464d1/e325f3af93bb747a620d16c209094d69.jpg, createdBy=9efb2014947, createdName=小小小麦兜, createdTime=Fri Dec 14 16:07:05 CST 2018, time=2018-12-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=346483, encodeId=18e234648310, content=重症哮喘特殊临床救治。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Sep 24 20:53:23 CST 2018, time=2018-09-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=345222, encodeId=2f4e3452227f, content=哮喘特殊临床类型。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Sep 16 09:42:59 CST 2018, time=2018-09-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=342647, encodeId=2b5834264e11, content= ̄般剂量药物无效。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Tue Sep 04 15:58:43 CST 2018, time=2018-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339778, encodeId=db57339e78a0, content=重症哮喘特殊临床救治。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Aug 20 20:51:36 CST 2018, time=2018-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=337300, encodeId=e73133e30005, content=一般剂量药物无效。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Aug 08 12:36:35 CST 2018, time=2018-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336490, encodeId=06f23364909e, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Aug 05 06:54:51 CST 2018, time=2018-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336321, encodeId=a7d333632116, content=一例重型哮喘的治疗。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/16/3b24606172648eea459125cb74754afe.jpg, createdBy=6c022216608, createdName=liumin1987, createdTime=Sat Aug 04 10:56:02 CST 2018, time=2018-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336012, encodeId=a88c33601237, content=重症哮喘特殊临床类型。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Fri Aug 03 12:27:31 CST 2018, time=2018-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=335238, encodeId=525133523841, content=好文章学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Tue Jul 31 06:44:03 CST 2018, time=2018-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-09-04 jyzxjiangqin

     ̄般剂量药物无效。

    0

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    2018-08-20 jyzxjiangqin

    重症哮喘特殊临床救治。

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=355404, encodeId=06b935540435, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://login.medsci.cn/upload/avatar/f3d88083d8829740786bed95c22464d1/e325f3af93bb747a620d16c209094d69.jpg, createdBy=9efb2014947, createdName=小小小麦兜, createdTime=Fri Dec 14 16:07:05 CST 2018, time=2018-12-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=346483, encodeId=18e234648310, content=重症哮喘特殊临床救治。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Sep 24 20:53:23 CST 2018, time=2018-09-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=345222, encodeId=2f4e3452227f, content=哮喘特殊临床类型。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Sep 16 09:42:59 CST 2018, time=2018-09-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=342647, encodeId=2b5834264e11, content= ̄般剂量药物无效。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Tue Sep 04 15:58:43 CST 2018, time=2018-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339778, encodeId=db57339e78a0, content=重症哮喘特殊临床救治。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Aug 20 20:51:36 CST 2018, time=2018-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=337300, encodeId=e73133e30005, content=一般剂量药物无效。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Aug 08 12:36:35 CST 2018, time=2018-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336490, encodeId=06f23364909e, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Aug 05 06:54:51 CST 2018, time=2018-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336321, encodeId=a7d333632116, content=一例重型哮喘的治疗。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/16/3b24606172648eea459125cb74754afe.jpg, createdBy=6c022216608, createdName=liumin1987, createdTime=Sat Aug 04 10:56:02 CST 2018, time=2018-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=336012, encodeId=a88c33601237, content=重症哮喘特殊临床类型。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Fri Aug 03 12:27:31 CST 2018, time=2018-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=335238, encodeId=525133523841, content=好文章学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Tue Jul 31 06:44:03 CST 2018, time=2018-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-08-08 jyzxjiangqin

    一般剂量药物无效。

    0

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    2018-08-05 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-08-04 liumin1987

    一例重型哮喘的治疗。

    0

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    2018-08-03 jyzxjiangqin

    重症哮喘特殊临床类型。

    0

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    2018-07-31 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文章学习了

    0

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患者男性,新兵战士,19岁,2015年6月3日始无明显诱因出现乏力、间断流鼻血,当时无明显发热,无尿频、尿急、尿痛及肉眼血尿,未予重视

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