应用3D打印技术修复重建下颌骨骨化纤维瘤切除术后缺损1例

2019-06-10 徐超 卢利 中国实用口腔科杂志

患者男,18岁,9年前行右侧下颌支肿物切除术,术后病理回报“青少年骨化纤维瘤”,近年来自觉面部再次膨隆,并逐渐加重,于2017-08-08来中国医科大学附属口腔医院口腔颌面外科门诊就诊,拍摄上下颌骨3D -CT发现下颌支肿物,门诊以“右下颌骨肿物”为诊断收入院。

1. 病例资料
 
患者男,18岁,9年前行右侧下颌支肿物切除术,术后病理回报“青少年骨化纤维瘤”,近年来自觉面部再次膨隆,并逐渐加重,于2017-08-08来中国医科大学附属口腔医院口腔颌面外科门诊就诊,拍摄上下颌骨3D -CT发现下颌支肿物,门诊以“右下颌骨肿物”为诊断收入院。
 
入院时专科检查:患者面型不对称,开口度及开口型正常,咬合关系良好;右侧下颌角区膨隆,范围3.0 cm×2.5 cm,质硬,无活动度,无触痛,下唇无麻木感。曲面断层片示:右侧下颌角区至右侧下颌支乙状切迹下方可见一异常高密度团块影,团块中心密度不均匀,病变边缘光滑,周缘可见低密度条带影包绕(图1)。上下颌骨3D-CT示:右侧下颌支外缘见骨样突起,邻近骨髓腔密度增高,膨胀,边界清楚,无硬化边,无骨膜反应,周围软组织未见明显肿胀(图2)。胸片示:心肺未见明显异常。心电图示:窦性心律,正常心电图范围。血常规、电解质、血生化检查也均未见异常。将患者术前上下颌骨3D -CT的DICOM格式数据输入ProPlan2.0软件进行术前肿物切除范围的设计(图3),同时将髂骨3D -CT的DICOM格式数据输入ProPlan2.0软件设计修复方式,然后通过3D打印技术按照设计方案,打印出下颌骨以及肿物切除后进行髂骨修复重建后的模型(图4)。
 
图1 术前曲面断层片


 图2 术前上下颌骨3D-CT


 图3 术前设计肿物切除范围及修复方法


 图4 3D打印下颌骨模型以及截骨范围
 
经患者及家属签署手术同意书,于2017-08-10全麻下行“右下颌骨肿物切除术,右侧髂骨游离移植修复术”。术中可见病变累及整个右侧下颌骨升支,上至下颌骨乙状切迹,下至下颌角,前方平下颌支前缘,肿物偏向下颌骨升支外侧;按术前设计进行截骨及修复重建,保留髁状突,由于牙槽神经血管束穿过肿物,因此切断并结扎下牙槽神经血管束。术后给予相应的抗炎、消肿及补液治疗,颌间牵引。术后病理检查:大体可见肿物大小6.5 cm×4.0 cm×3.0 cm,质坚硬;光镜下可见增生变性的纤维结缔组织中有多量形状不一、大小不等的骨小梁样组织(图5)。结合X线片,符合骨化纤维瘤的诊断
 
图5 术后组织病理学图片(光镜,× 400)
 
术后半个月,患者面部消肿后,面型及咬合关系恢复良好,与术前面型及咬合关系对比,基本达到一致(图6)。
 
图6 手术前后的面像及像。a 面像;b牙合像
 
2. 讨论
 
骨化纤维瘤是一种边界清楚、由富含细胞的纤维组织和表现多样的矿化组织构成的病变,1927年由Montgamery首先报道并命名。2015年WHO分类中将“青少年小梁状骨化纤维瘤”和“青少年沙瘤样骨化纤维瘤”作为骨化纤维瘤的两种组织学变异型。本文报道病例第一次术后病理回报为“青少年骨化纤维瘤”。青少年骨化纤维瘤是骨化纤维瘤的一种变异型,主要发生于青少年患者的头面部骨骼,可导致严重畸形和功能缺陷。
 
据文献报道,38.5%的青少年骨化纤维瘤病例会出现颌骨肿胀伴疼痛,并可有短期快速生长史;术后复发率可达30%~58%。因此临床医生对青少年骨化纤维瘤的及早诊断、合理治疗以及密切随访对该患者预后的生存质量影响重大。目前对青少年骨化纤维瘤治疗方式的选择尚未达成共识临床上可分为保守治疗和积极治疗。
 
由于青少年骨化纤维瘤具有侵袭性生长的特征及较高的复发率,有学者提倡手术切除,切除范围应在保留周围重要结构的前提下尽可能完全切除病变组织,也有学者认为保守治疗有利于年轻患者的生长发育、外貌以及咀嚼和神经功能等方面的保存。其中保守治疗主要包括刮治术、部分切除术等,当出现明显的侵袭性生长迹象(如快速生长、骨皮质变薄或穿孔、牙齿移位或牙根吸收、多次复发)时则应采取完全切除。本病例中的患者第一次手术考虑到患者年龄小,仅采取了肿物摘除术,未扩大切除骨组织,术后病理回报为青少年骨化纤维瘤,建议定期复查。术后患者未定期复查,9年后由于面部膨隆加重影响美观来诊,拍摄上下颌骨3D-CT发现第一次手术部位再次发现肿物。
 
本次手术考虑到由于术后复发,肿物侵袭范围较大,导致下颌升支部的骨皮质穿孔,因此治疗采取完全切除术,然后行下颌骨缺损修复重建。近年来,3D打印技术的出现开创了医学领域的新世界,尤其应用在硬组织缺损修复重建中,直接或间接提高了手术精度,也满足了个性化要求。将3D打印技术运用于口腔颌面外科,可使颌面部的手术精度及修复重建效果得到大大的提高。其中在不同类型牙颌面畸形中通过设计手术方案,采用3D打印技术制作头颅模型模拟截骨,提高了手术效果,达到了功能与形态的统一。
 
本病例中运用3D打印技术进行下颌骨缺损的修复重建,也为3D打印技术在颌面骨缺损的修复重建中提供了一定的参考及经验。通过3D打印技术制作实物模型,术前设计截骨范围,测量修复重建所需植骨长度及塑形模式,然后按照修复重建后的模型进行术前预弯成型钛板,设计固定位置。通过运用3D打印技术,使得手术时间减少,降低了手术风险,同时提高了修复重建的精确性,术后获得了良好的面型及咬合关系。
 
原始出处:

徐超,卢利.应用3D打印技术修复重建下颌骨骨化纤维瘤切除术后缺损1例报告[J].中国实用口腔科杂志,2018,11(06):379-381.

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    2020-01-20 xlysu
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    2019-06-12 珙桐

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