PNAS:美国西北大学:纳米粒子疗法可显著延长乳腺癌患者的存活率,防止乳腺癌复发

2020-07-21 Lauren 转化医学网

导言:乳腺癌常被称为“粉红杀手”,其发病率位居女性恶性肿瘤的首位。在我国,乳腺癌的发病率呈逐年上升趋势,每年有30余万女性被诊断出乳腺癌。乳腺癌术后的复发几率很高,大概超过30

导言:乳腺癌常被称为“粉红杀手”,其发病率位居女性恶性肿瘤的首位。在我国,乳腺癌的发病率呈逐年上升趋势,每年有30余万女性被诊断出乳腺癌。乳腺癌术后的复发几率很高,大概超过30%。近日,美国西北大学的一项新研究表明,纳米粒子疗法可显著延长乳腺癌患者的存活率,防止乳腺癌复发。

美国西北大学(Northwestern University)的研究人员开发了一种新的免疫疗法,可以显著延长患有三阴性乳腺癌的小鼠的生存时间。三阴性乳腺癌是乳腺癌中最具侵袭性和最难治疗的一种。

在这项新的研究中,接受这种疗法(把两种增强免疫的药物装在纳米颗粒中)的小鼠,其肿瘤得到了至少100天的完全缓解。所有未经治疗的小鼠在第30天死亡。所有接受治疗的小鼠都没有出现不良反应或自身免疫反应。

这种纳米颗粒被称为球形核酸(SNA),是一种球状的DNA,可以很容易地进入并刺激免疫细胞。西北大学的查德·A·米尔金(Chad A. Mirkin)领导了这项研究并发明了SNAs,他将免疫疗法的成功归功于纳米颗粒的形状和结构。

这项研究将于2020年7月13日在线发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上。

纳米颗粒是如何工作的呢?

典型的免疫疗法包括一个或多个来自肿瘤细胞的分子(称为抗原)与刺激免疫系统的分子(称为佐剂)配对。更高级的形式包括从病人的癌细胞中提取的抗原分子混合物(称为裂解物)。裂解液训练免疫系统识别它的目标(肿瘤),而佐剂增强身体的免疫反应,以摧毁目标。医生将裂解液和佐剂混合在细胞培养中,然后将混合物注入病人体内。

因为这种疗法是一种结构上不明确的混合物,米尔金称之为“混合方法”。裂解液和佐剂没有打包在一起,所以很难确保它们会击中相同的目标。

为了克服这个挑战,米尔金的团队将裂解液和佐剂打包在一个SNA的核心中。在研究中,他们将SNA注射到三阴性乳腺癌小鼠的皮下。SNAs进入老鼠的淋巴结,进入细胞并释放它们的物质。这在细胞内引起免疫反应来对抗裂解物。

延长生存期,防止复发

在治疗了9只三阴性乳腺癌小鼠后,有6只在100天内肿瘤完全缓解,且无明显副作用。尽管其他三只老鼠没有达到缓解,但新的治疗确实抑制了它们的肿瘤生长,而且它们仍然比对照组活得更长。

米尔金和他的团队还发现,基于SNA的免疫疗法可以保护小鼠不复发。在小鼠病情缓解后,研究小组试图将肿瘤植入小鼠体内,但肿瘤没有生长。

当米尔金的团队从接受治疗的小鼠身上移除并检查肿瘤时,研究人员发现细胞毒性T细胞(一种攻击疾病的免疫细胞)数量增加,而免疫抑制细胞数量减少,免疫抑制细胞阻止免疫系统对抗疾病。

有趣的是,当研究人员将氧化肿瘤细胞纳入SNAs时,会产生更强的免疫反应。在制作裂解液时,研究人员用次氯酸处理肿瘤细胞,次氯酸会氧化并杀死肿瘤细胞。其他研究人员在之前的临床研究中指出,氧化细胞可以创造更有效的免疫疗法。

探索其他癌症

米尔金的团队首先在三阴性乳腺癌肿瘤上测试了这种新疗法。研究人员认为,理论上,基于SNA的免疫疗法应该是多种癌症的有效疗法。米尔金的团队计划下一步对此进行探索。米尔金指出,他感到鼓舞的是,四种SNA药物已经在人体临床试验中,包括在这项研究中用于默克尔细胞癌免疫治疗的SNA变体。这种结构也是西北大学发明的,目前正处于Exicure的二期临床试验阶段,Exicure是一家临床阶段的生物技术初创公司。

原始出处:

Cassandra E. Callmann, Lisa E. Cole, et.al. Tumor cell lysate-loaded immunostimulatory spherical nucleic acids as therapeutics for triple-negative breast cancer. PNAS July 15, 2020

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    2021-05-01 drwjr
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乳腺癌(BC)与甲状腺疾病(TD)之间的关系仍存在争议。本研究旨在探讨新诊断的BC患者中TD可能共存的情况,以及其与BC临床表现中绝经状态和疾病阶段的相关性。

乳腺癌卵巢功能抑制(OFS) 在乳腺癌中是是非非

中国绝经前女性早期乳腺癌患者中50%~60%激素受体为阳性,辅助内分泌治疗是降低这类患者复发风险的重要手段,如采用他莫昔芬治疗5~10年已经成为绝经前激素受体阳性的早期乳腺癌患者的标准内分泌治疗方式。

NATURE:饮食限制配合激素治疗可长效促进乳腺癌消退

已有的研究显示,大约75%的乳腺癌细胞都表达雌激素和/或孕激素受体。内分泌治疗通常对这些激素受体阳性的肿瘤是有效的,但原发性和获得性抵抗限制了它的长期使用效果。