Lancet:抑郁症研究进展

2020-01-12 不详 网络

抑郁症是常见的精神疾病,严重影响患者的社会功能和生活质量。2008 年,世界卫生组织(WTO)已将抑郁症列为全球疾病负担的第三大病因,并预测到 2030 年,将成为全球疾病负担的第一大病因。在临床实践中,由于其临床表现形式多样,难以预测其病程和预后,以及患者对治疗反应不同,这些都给抑郁症的检测,诊断以及治疗带来了挑战。2018 年,发表在 Lancet 上的一篇关于抑郁症的综述从抑郁症的流行病

抑郁症是常见的精神疾病,严重影响患者的社会功能和生活质量。

2008 年,世界卫生组织(WTO)已将抑郁症列为全球疾病负担的第三大病因,并预测到 2030 年,将成为全球疾病负担的第一大病因。

在临床实践中,由于其临床表现形式多样,难以预测其病程和预后,以及患者对治疗反应不同,这些都给抑郁症的检测,诊断以及治疗带来了挑战。

2018 年,发表在 Lancet 上的一篇关于抑郁症的综述从抑郁症的流行病学、诊断、病理学、疾病管理以及治疗等方面对抑郁症的现状进行了介绍,下面我们就一起来看一下这篇综述都介绍了哪些内容。

流行病学诊断学要点

1. 不同国家,抑郁症的 12 个月患病率差别较大,但总体上约为 6%,终生患病率为 15%-18%,这意味着大约五分之一的人在一生中的某个时刻会经历一次抑郁发作。

2. 女性罹患抑郁症的风险大约是男性的两倍。

3. 虽然超过一半受抑郁发作影响的患者在半年内恢复,并且在一年内此比例接近四分之三,但相当大比例(高达 27%)的患者无法康复并继续发展为慢性难治性抑郁症,这取决于患者的基本特征及其治疗方式。

诊断学要点

1. 诊断主要依据两类诊断系统:精神疾病诊断和统计手册(DSM)和国际疾病分类(ICD),主要依赖于一些关键症状的识别。需要持续两周以上,并常伴有功能损害。

2. 抑郁症的症状大致可以分为三类:情感、植物神经系统以及认知症状。但是这些症状同样出现在其他精神疾病中,因此,对于抑郁症的检测是非常困难的。另外,需要与双相情感障碍鉴别。

另外,睡眠、体重和食欲在抑郁症中通常是减少的,但有时候也可能增加,当怀疑为抑郁症时,应记录其有无自杀想法、计划或企图等。

3. 专业人士还需要记录抑郁发作的严重程度,何时首次出现 (发病),以及是否已缓解 (状态)。

病理学要点

对抑郁症的病理生理学的研究已经取得了一定的进展,但没有一种模型或机制可以合理地解释该疾病的各个方面。不同的病因或病理生理学可能成为不同患者,甚至不同时期同一患者的发病基础。

这些发病机制包括单胺假说、下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的改变、炎症、神经可塑性和神经再生、脑的功能性和结构性改变、基因、环境以及表观遗传学(基因-环境相互作用)。

表 1. 抑郁症可能的发病机制

治疗与管理

治疗的首要目标是抑郁症状的完全缓解,一般来说,这个目标可以通过心理治疗、药物治疗或综合疗法实现。

另外,其他管理方法,如睡眠管理、锻炼以及健康的饮食,也非常重要。对于轻度抑郁症,循证的证据表明,心理治疗应该首先被采纳,尤其是认知行为疗法。

对于重度抑郁症,药物治疗为一线治疗方法,对于对药物治疗无效者,电痉挛治疗(ECT)也是可选择的一种方法。

表 2.  抑郁症主要的心理及药物治疗方法

1

心理治疗

治疗抑郁症的主要心理治疗方法包括认知行为疗法(CBT)、人际关系疗法和接受与实现疗法(ACT)和正念认知疗法(MCBT)。

认知行为疗法是使用最广泛且经过测试证明最有效的心理疗法,它教给患有抑郁症的患者如何识别负面思维模式,提供了如何解决这些负面思想的技术,尽可能将这种负面想法替换为更健康,正面的思想。

人际关系疗法不同于认知行为疗法,它主要关注于人际交往中的困难,特别是人际冲突和社会交往中的问题。总而言之,心理治疗对于抑郁症是有效的,然而,不同的心理疗法之间的疗效并没有明显的差异。

药物治疗

一般而言,抑郁症的药物治疗建立在影响单胺能神经传递的基础上。但是,新型抗抑郁药会针对其他大脑系统,例如 N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体,褪黑素或γ-氨基丁酸。

抗抑郁药改善情绪的确切机制仍然未知,但是大多数抗抑郁药作用于单胺能神经传递系统,在突触中产生初始作用,然后影响细胞内信号传导和第二信使途径。这些途径最终导致特定基因表达,神经发生和突触可塑性的变化,最终带来治疗的益处。

目前所有抗抑郁剂均作用于突触前和突触后受体以及神经递质转运蛋白。

突触内或突触前神经元内的神经递质浓度发生改变,将导致突触后神经元内的信号转导和细胞内信号传导,最终影响细胞核内的转录过程,从而导致新的酶和蛋白质的产生。抗抑郁剂被认为可以通过促进神经再生来重塑神经网络。

特异性受体相互作用及其对单胺转运蛋白系统的影响,将抗抑郁药物分成不同的类别。

抗抑郁药物的有效性

一些早期开发的抗抑郁药,例如三环类药物和 MAOI 类药物,仍然是最有效的药物之一,但今天却很少使用(主要是由于不良反应太多)。

在多数情况下,尤其是在首次治疗时,这些药物已被具有更强药理选择性、副作用更少的新型药物取代。因此,在过去的 25 年中,选择性 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)已成为一线药物。

但此类药物仍需要数周才能产生可衡量的益处。此外,SSRIs 还可能产生患者无法忍受的明显的不良反应,包括性功能障碍、体重增加、恶心和头痛。

一项发表在 Lancet 上的网络荟萃分析比较了抗抑郁药在抑郁症急性期治疗中的疗效和耐受性,此项荟萃分析纳入了 121 项研究,结果显示,21 种抗抑郁药物均比安慰剂疗效好。

阿米替林和一些双重作用机制的药物(如:米氮平,度洛西汀和文拉法辛)在疗效方面排在前列。在可接受性方面,仅阿戈美拉汀和氟西汀耐受性优于安慰剂,大部分抗抑郁药的耐受性与安慰剂相当。

但是,荟萃分析的结果无法确定抗抑郁药物在个体水平上的作用,抗抑郁药物的使用需要临床医师专业的指导。但尽管如此,抗抑郁药仍是抑郁症有效的治疗方法。

未来的方向

抑郁症影响到很多人,造成巨大的经济负担,需要尽更大的努力提高其诊断及管理水平。目前,最大的问题仍然是,我们对抑郁症的病因及发病机制尚不完全清楚。

因此,尚无发展出更有效的治疗手段。在临床实践中,治疗的目标不得不从痊愈转向缓解。未来,我们需要寻求达到完全痊愈及快速治愈的治疗手段。除此之外,我们应该在抑郁症首次发病时早发现、早诊断和早治疗。

原始出处:

1.Malhi GS,Mann JJ.Depression. Lancet.2018 Nov 24; 392 (10161): 2299-2312.   doi: 10.1016/S01406736(18)31948-2.

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    2020-12-03 ms8000001307514165

    “抑郁症的终生患病率为 15%-18%,这意味着大约五分之一的人在一生中的某个时刻会经历一次抑郁发作”翻译是否有误?是否应为每个人的一生中有接近1/5的可能患有抑郁症?

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    2020-09-15 ms3000000586901824

    学习

    0

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    2020-11-09 howi
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=904526, encodeId=01bc904526dd, content=“抑郁症的终生患病率为 15%-18%,这意味着大约五分之一的人在一生中的某个时刻会经历一次抑郁发作”翻译是否有误?是否应为每个人的一生中有接近1/5的可能患有抑郁症?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bba45440935, createdName=ms8000001307514165, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 10:46:54 CST 2020, time=2020-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=885540, encodeId=e13088554079, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7d2a5418480, createdName=ms3000000586901824, createdTime=Tue Sep 15 19:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-09-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1830409, encodeId=8247183040944, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Mon Nov 09 08:32:00 CST 2020, time=2020-11-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=380002, encodeId=630e3800022f, content=您好,我在网上搜索了一下那篇文章,我没有找到,您可以分享我一下文章嘛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f1ab5292054, createdName=14866395m46暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Mar 02 19:19:41 CST 2020, time=2020-03-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=379146, encodeId=fb0a3e91468d, content=WTO是世界贸易组织,WHO才是世界卫生组织。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2020/02/12/7427eb9ef57450e1f349148b9b4cd5a3.jpg, createdBy=bb9f5278123, createdName=van游戏, createdTime=Wed Feb 12 11:35:51 CST 2020, time=2020-02-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1381239, encodeId=dd6d13812396d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9281e34519b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研究进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73451, encryptionId=9281e34519b, topicName=研究进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=仁心济世, createdTime=Tue Jan 14 14:32:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=378120, encodeId=0c203e81208c, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Jan 13 23:11:52 CST 2020, time=2020-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=378104, encodeId=35753e8104bf, content=牛逼, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1d751930863, createdName=屈小胖, createdTime=Mon Jan 13 16:46:10 CST 2020, time=2020-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-03-02 14866395m46暂无昵称

    您好,我在网上搜索了一下那篇文章,我没有找到,您可以分享我一下文章嘛

    0

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    2020-02-12 van游戏

    WTO是世界贸易组织,WHO才是世界卫生组织。

    0

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  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=904526, encodeId=01bc904526dd, content=“抑郁症的终生患病率为 15%-18%,这意味着大约五分之一的人在一生中的某个时刻会经历一次抑郁发作”翻译是否有误?是否应为每个人的一生中有接近1/5的可能患有抑郁症?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bba45440935, createdName=ms8000001307514165, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 10:46:54 CST 2020, time=2020-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=885540, encodeId=e13088554079, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7d2a5418480, createdName=ms3000000586901824, createdTime=Tue Sep 15 19:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-09-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1830409, encodeId=8247183040944, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Mon Nov 09 08:32:00 CST 2020, time=2020-11-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=380002, encodeId=630e3800022f, content=您好,我在网上搜索了一下那篇文章,我没有找到,您可以分享我一下文章嘛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f1ab5292054, createdName=14866395m46暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Mar 02 19:19:41 CST 2020, time=2020-03-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=379146, encodeId=fb0a3e91468d, content=WTO是世界贸易组织,WHO才是世界卫生组织。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2020/02/12/7427eb9ef57450e1f349148b9b4cd5a3.jpg, createdBy=bb9f5278123, createdName=van游戏, createdTime=Wed Feb 12 11:35:51 CST 2020, time=2020-02-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1381239, encodeId=dd6d13812396d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9281e34519b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研究进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73451, encryptionId=9281e34519b, topicName=研究进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=仁心济世, createdTime=Tue Jan 14 14:32:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=378120, encodeId=0c203e81208c, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Jan 13 23:11:52 CST 2020, time=2020-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=378104, encodeId=35753e8104bf, content=牛逼, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1d751930863, createdName=屈小胖, createdTime=Mon Jan 13 16:46:10 CST 2020, time=2020-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-01-13 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2020-01-13 屈小胖

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