JNNP:特发性颅内高压静脉支架置入术后硬膜窦整体塌陷

2021-07-11 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

侧横窦狭窄(LSS)可能代表了特发性颅内高压(IIH)静脉-脑脊液流出的临床证据。这些狭窄似乎在维持或触发IIH的“恶性循环”中起着关键作用。颅内高压症(Intracrania

侧横窦狭窄(LSS)可能代表了特发性颅内高压(IIH)静脉-脑脊液流出的临床证据。这些狭窄似乎在维持或触发IIH的“恶性循环”中起着关键作用。颅内高压症(Intracranial Hypertension)是由多种颅内、外疾病引起的颅腔内容物的体积增加并超出颅内压调节代偿范围的一种常见的临床综合征。头痛、呕吐和视乳头水肿称为颅内压增高三联征,为颅内压增高的典型表现。若病理性、持续性的颅内压增高,可出现危及病人生命的紧急情况。

通过恢复静脉系统和蛛网膜下腔之间的生理压力梯度,静脉窦支架置入术(VSS)可以打破这种循环,在许多情况下可以有效地缓解颅内压升高(ICP)的相关症状。然而,IIH症状可能会在约10%的患者中复发。在大多数复发病例中,发现邻近同侧横窦和/或上纵窦(SLS)近端三分之一的支架狭窄,这似乎重新触发了IIH的病理环路。在无症状或轻度症状患者中,VSS后静脉系统表现的一系列变化从未被评估过。

回顾性收集了2013年1月至2019年12月在两个三级转诊机构接受VSS治疗IIH的连续患者的临床和放射学特征。纳入标准为接受VSS治疗的对药物治疗无效或有禁忌症的IIH患者。所有患者在支架置入前和置入后3-6个月进行了脑部3T-MRI和对比增强MR静脉造影。在局部麻醉下放置支架前,进行常规数字减影血管造影和静脉测压。比较侧窦支架置入前后硬膜窦腔的面积、最小直径和容积,以及上纵、直窦(SS)的下、中、上三分之一。

28名患者被纳入分析。所有患者的乳头状水肿完全消失,22例中19例完全消失或头痛明显减轻。随访期间(29.6±16.9)个月,无IIH临床复发。VSS后,28例患者中22例支架对侧LS狭窄无变化,6例支架对侧LS狭窄加重。在系列研究中,VSS后大部分硬膜静脉窦的体积、腔面积和直径显著减小。这些变化与窦的初始大小直接相关,这意味着在支架置入前静脉硬脑膜窦较大的患者狭窄更严重。支架置入前,体重指数(BMI)与侧窦狭窄的严重程度以及支架置入后SLS下三分之一狭窄的严重程度相关。支架置入后,BMI与支架置入后SLS下三分之一的直径和面积,以及对侧窦环附近的面积呈负相关。外源性LSS患者的硬膜静脉窦比内源性或混合性狭窄患者的小。

Figure 1

上纵窦腔面积的演变

先前的容积研究表明,与对照组相比,IIH患者的硬膜窦容积显著减少。根据结果,即使在VSS后,硬膜静脉窦的狭窄也会恶化,而矛盾的是,颅内高压相关临床症状明显改善。在一些研究中,VSS后乳头水肿的消退与脑脊液开放压力(CSFOP)的正常化相关。考虑到这些结果,并且考虑到患者在支架置入后PE完全消退的事实,患有ICP很可能正常。因此,研究结果不能证实静脉窦狭窄是由颅内压升高引起的。相反,研究显示IIH患者和正常ICP患者的其他硬膜窦(而不仅仅是侧窦)可能变窄,提示IIH患者LSS的病理过程可能与硬膜固有力学性质的改变有关。虽然整个硬脑膜的力学性质可能会改变,但VSS优先发生在侧窦。这些LSS引起的静脉系统内的静脉压升高可能在防止上游静脉窦塌陷中起作用。

静脉支架置入术后硬膜静脉窦的普遍狭窄表明,静脉支架置入术后IIH的潜在机制可能仍然是活跃的,这可能导致10%的患者在支架置入后出现ICH的临床复发。VSS后IIH的复发似乎优先影响初始ICP较高、BMI较高和外源性狭窄的年轻患者。BMI与支架置入前侧窦狭窄的严重程度、SSS下三分之一的狭窄程度以及支架置入后对侧窦环附近的狭窄程度密切相关。因此,即使在支架置入术后,减肥仍然是药物治疗的目标,以避免这些患者IIH的复发。考虑到静脉支架置入术后硬膜窦无症状狭窄的发生率,只有在复发或持续性乳头状水肿、CSFOP升高和明显狭窄性压力梯度的患者才应考虑进行第二次血管内手术。

尽管脑出血相关的临床症状得到缓解或改善,但发现IIH患者经VSS治疗后硬膜窦容积总体上减少。这些结果有力地支持了硬脑膜力学性质的改变可能与IIH中LSS的起源有关的假说。支架置入后SLS变窄可能导致IIH复发,且与患者BMI显著相关。

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减肥手术在改善特发性颅内高压患者临床症状及生活质量方面的效果优于常规体重干预,在2年的研究期间,减肥手术后患者的临床症状得到持续缓解

JNNP:COVID-19疫情封锁对乳头状水肿和特发性颅内高压的影响

SARS-CoV-2感染后的神经系统并发症的危害十分严重,疫情强制封锁对急性入院和已有神经系统疾病的患者的影响也是如此。 这项研究的目的是在英国的一个神经科学中心评估封锁对新发性乳头状水肿和原发性颅内

JAMA Neurol:特发性颅内高压与心血管事件风险

妇女的特发性颅内高压导致CVD风险增加2倍

Neurology:特发性颅内高压的发病率、患病率和结局

IIH的发生率和患病率显著增加,与人群BMI增加相对应,且与贫困程度增加有关。鉴于与IIH相关的合并症、并发症和增加的医疗保健利用率,这对医疗保健专业人员和决策者具有重要意义。