Diabetologia:达格列净通过减少凝血酶生成和血小板活化降低2型糖尿病心血管风险

2021-11-05 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

糖尿病患者心血管风险增加,动脉粥样硬化发展加速,心肌梗死后死亡率升高。

目的:糖尿病患者心血管风险增加,动脉粥样硬化发展加速,心肌梗死后死亡率升高。因此,降糖治疗的心脏保护作用对于2型糖尿病患者的药物治疗具有重要意义。对于钠-葡萄糖协同转运体2抑制剂(SGLT2),除了降低血糖外,还观察到了对动脉粥样硬化、肥胖、肾功能和血压的有益影响。最近的结果显示,无论糖尿病状态如何,达格列净都能降低心力衰竭恶化和心血管死亡的风险。然而,潜在的机制尚不清楚。血小板是动脉粥样硬化和动脉粥样硬化血栓形成的已知驱动因素,血小板活化紊乱也发生在2型糖尿病患者中。因此,本研究旨在探讨SGLT2i达格列净对动脉粥样硬化中血小板与炎症相互作用的影响。

方法:选择8周的龄雄性LDL-受体缺陷(Ldlr−/−)小鼠给予高脂高糖饮食,在2个时间段:8周和25周不加用(对照组)或加用达格列净(5 mg/kg·d-1)。在第一种转化方法中,8名健康志愿者连续4周每天服用10mg达格列净。

代谢测量:每周评估一次小鼠的体重。治疗25周后计算鼻-肛管长度和体重以评估体重指数(BMI)。使用MiniSpec-mq7.5(Bruker Corporation,Billerica,MA,USA)用核磁共振波谱(NMR)评估瘦肉和脂肪团的身体成分。治疗8周后进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验。小鼠禁食6h,测定空腹血糖值。然后,动物接受40%的葡萄糖溶液,最终剂量为1毫克葡萄糖/克体重。使用ACCU-CHEK血糖仪(德国罗氏糖尿病护理公司)在应用葡萄糖后0、5、15、30、60和120分钟测量血糖值。

小鼠血小板活化:为了对血小板活化标志物CD62p(P-选择素)和CD41/61(活化糖蛋白IIb/IIIa)进行流式细胞术分析,取Ldlr−/−小鼠血液,收集在乙二胺四乙酸乙二酯包被的试管中,洗涤两次,在酪氨酸缓冲液中稀释为1:10。然后,血液悬液与FITC标记的CD62P或藻红蛋白(PE)标记的CD41/61单克隆抗体孵育。胶原相关肽(CRP;5μg/ml,英国剑桥大学生物化学系)用于血小板活化。用达帕利嗪、低密度脂蛋白、凝血酶校准仪和FluCa-Kit在37℃预孵育30min,观察达格列净对小鼠和人血小板贫乏血浆的体外效应。以二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为适宜对照。样本在Gallios流式细胞仪上测量。使用Kaluza流动分析软件对数据进行分析。

免疫细胞-血小板聚集形成:流式细胞仪检测,小鼠血在泰氏缓冲液中稀释,650g离心5min,洗涤2次。然后,除去离心上清液,只取细胞颗粒进行进一步分析。血液标本与白细胞抗体(腺瘤性息肉大肠杆菌蛋白[APC]抗鼠CD45;BD-Bioscience)、中性粒细胞抗体(APC抗鼠Ly6G,Biolegend和血小板抗体在室温下孵育15min。加入PBS停止反应,并立即在FACSCalibur流式细胞仪上分析样品。只评估双阳性细胞的平均荧光强度,表明血小板/白细胞或血小板-中性粒细胞聚集。

结果:达格列净治疗可改善动脉粥样硬化病变发展,减少循环中血小板-白细胞聚集(糖蛋白[GP]Ib+CD45+:29.40±5.94vs 17.00±5.69细胞,p<0.01;GPIB+淋巴细胞抗原6复合物,G+(Ly6G):减少主动脉巨噬细胞浸润(1.31±0.62vs 0.70±0.58×103个/主动脉,p<0.05)。进一步分析表明,达格降低了喂食糖尿病饲料的Ldlr−/−小鼠活化的CD62P-血小板(3.78±1.20%vs 2.83±1.06%,p<0.01),但不影响出血时间(85.29±37.27svs 89.25±16.26s,p=0.78)。在对血糖影响不大的情况下,达格进一步降低内源性凝血酶的生成(581.4±194.6 nmol/l×min)×10−9凝血酶vs 254.1±106.4(nmol/l×min)×10 −9凝血酶,从而降低最重要的血小板激活剂之一。我们观察到达格对离体血小板的直接抑制作用。此外,达格嗪提高了高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇水平。重要的是,较高的HDL-胆固醇水平(1.70±0.58vs3.15±1.67 mmol/l,p<0.01)可能与达格介导的血小板活化和凝血酶生成抑制有关。因此,与小鼠的结果一致,在C反应蛋白(CRP;88.13±5.37%血小板vs77.59±10.70%血小板,p<0.05)或凝血酶受体激活肽-6(TRAP-6;44.23±15.54%vs28.96±11.41%,p<0.01)刺激后,用达格净治疗降低了人类CD62P阳性血小板计数,而不影响止血

 

图1 实验环境。雄性Ldlr−/−小鼠分别在8周和25周饲喂不添加DD(对照组)和添加达格列净(5 mg/kg,每天)。

图2 达格列净可降低Ldlr−/−小鼠的动脉粥样硬化斑块负担、循环血小板-白细胞聚集和巨噬细胞浸润。雄性Ldlr−/−小鼠分别接受补充DD,不添加(对照)或添加达格列净 (5 mg/kg体重/天),持续25周,随后分析动脉粥样硬化斑块负担和主动脉免疫细胞浸润。(a)定量主动脉斑块评分(n=10)和油红o染色主动脉的代表性图像。(b)检测斑块大小(对照组n=9,达格列嗪n=12)。(c) 达格列净治疗25周小鼠或对照组小鼠(n=5对照组,n=6达格列净)的血小板-白细胞聚集和(d)血小板-中性粒细胞聚集。(e) Mac2阳性染色区域定量(n=10)及Mac2免疫组化染色代表性图像。(f)主动脉壁上的巨噬细胞(CD45+CD11b+F4/80+)(对照组12例,达格列净 9例)的流式细胞分析和代表性的流式细胞点图。数据以均值±SD表示;未配对研究测验:*p<0.05, **p<0.01与对照组比较。比例尺代表100μm

图3 达格列净降低健康志愿者活化血小板上CD62P的表达。8名健康参与者每天口服10mg达格列净,持续4周。应用流式细胞术检测治疗前(基础)和治疗4周后血小板CD62P的表达。(a)静息血小板和(b) CRP (10μg/ml)和(c) TRAP-6 (10μmol/l) 37℃刺激30min后血小板上CD62P的表达(n=8)。(d) A d P (5μmol/l)、(e) TRAP-6 (10μmol/l)和(f)胶原蛋白(10μg/ml)刺激血小板的LTA (n=6)。(g)具有代表性的聚集曲线。(h) d -二聚体血药浓度(n=6)。数据以配对值(a-c)或平均值±SD (d-f,h)表示;配对检验:*p<0.05, **p<0.01

图4 达格列净介导的动脉粥样硬化保护机制。已知血小板是动脉粥样硬化和动脉粥样硬化血栓形成的驱动因素。血小板活化紊乱也可能发生在2型糖尿病中。(a)动脉粥样硬化发生中血小板功能、凝血酶生成和炎症之间的相互作用。(b)达格列净对分离血小板和增加HDL -胆固醇水平的直接抑制作用:达格列净通过对凝血酶形成的直接作用和HDL -介导作用降低凝血酶介导的血小板激活和α颗粒分泌。血小板-白细胞聚集减少和随后单核-巨噬细胞向血管壁募集的减少有助于达格列净对动脉粥样硬化的保护

结论:我们证明达格列净介导的小鼠动脉粥样硬化保护是由高HDL -胆固醇和改善凝血酶-血小板介导的炎症驱动的,而不干扰止血。这种葡萄糖独立机制可能有助于达格列净对于心血管风险的有益影响。

原文出处:

Kohlmorgen C,  Gerfer S,  Feldmann K,et al.Dapagliflozin reduces thrombin generation and platelet activation: implications for cardiovascular risk reduction in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Diabetologia 2021 Aug;64(8)

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以为是皮肤病就诊皮肤科,没想到竟是因为白血病!