多原发性恶性肿瘤的诊断与治疗原则

2017-04-28 佚名 中国癌症杂志

多原发性恶性肿瘤(multiple primarymalignant tumors,MPMT),是指同一患者的同一器官或多个器官、组织同时或先后发生2种及以上的原发性恶性肿瘤,全身各处均可发生。根据初发恶性肿瘤和第二恶性肿瘤确诊的时间间隔,Moertel等将恶性肿瘤划分为同时性恶性肿瘤和异时性恶性肿瘤,前者指2种以上的恶性肿瘤在6个月内接连发生,而后者指2种恶性肿瘤的发生间隔超过6个月。三重恶性肿


多原发性恶性肿瘤(multiple primarymalignant tumors,MPMT),是指同一患者的同一器官或多个器官、组织同时或先后发生2种及以上的原发性恶性肿瘤,全身各处均可发生。根据初发恶性肿瘤和第二恶性肿瘤确诊的时间间隔,Moertel等将恶性肿瘤划分为同时性恶性肿瘤和异时性恶性肿瘤,前者指2种以上的恶性肿瘤在6个月内接连发生,而后者指2种恶性肿瘤的发生间隔超过6个月。三重恶性肿瘤,按第二原发恶性肿瘤与第一原发恶性肿瘤时间间隔判定属同时性或异时性。

多原发恶性肿瘤诊断

1932年,Warren等制定了多原发恶性肿瘤的诊断标准并沿用至今:

◆每一种肿瘤须经组织细胞学证实为恶性肿瘤;

◆每一种肿瘤有其独特的病理形态;

◆必须排除互为转移的可能性;

◆肿瘤发生在不同部位,两者不相互连续。

2005年,国际编码规则在以上标准进行了修改,增加了如果发生在相同器官或在成对器官中组织来源相同,则不属于多原发恶性肿瘤。

首先,多原发恶性肿瘤的症状多不明显,一旦发现症状,则要进行详细检查,特别是发生在非转移癌的好发部位,应考虑是否发生多原发恶性肿瘤。多原发恶性肿瘤多发生在5年内,所以术后应密切随访。其次,影像学检查是诊断肿瘤的重要方式。进年来18F-FDGPET/CT应用于临床,其具有全身扫描功能及很高的灵敏度,可使肿瘤患者的多种原发肿瘤同时显像,已展现出很大优势。

对食管癌患者行PET/CT检查,可及时发现同时性多原发恶性肿瘤。但由于各地区经济状况不同,食管癌发病率也不同,PET/CT在食管癌患者或临床肿瘤患者中的应用需要进一步探讨。再次,对于空腔器官可用内镜检查。

食管鳞癌伴发消化系统肿瘤是常见现象。特别是有烟酒史患者,要常规行食管镜喉镜联合检查,且术后可定期行上、下消化道内镜检查。最后,病理是诊断肿瘤的金标准,对于疑似原发肿瘤可行病理活检。

多原发恶性肿瘤涉及全身多个器官,与转移瘤的鉴别有难度。多原发恶性肿瘤与转移瘤的主要鉴别点为:

◆转移瘤多发生在骨、肺和肝等,而多原发恶性肿瘤有相对应的位置;

◆在影像学中,转移瘤为多发、密度均匀、轮廓清晰的圆形灶,而多原发恶性肿瘤为孤立病灶;

◆当首发恶性肿瘤无复发,也无周围淋巴结转移时,发现其他部位肿瘤,应考虑为多原发恶性肿瘤。

对于多原发恶性肿瘤的筛查依赖于发病率和病因,仍需对多原发恶性肿瘤的好发部位、好发时间间隔,好发因素及好发基因进行大宗病例随访,找到易发生多原发恶性肿瘤的高危因素,对存在高危因素的患者术后定期行PET/CT检查或相应部位的检查,增加检出率的同时减少资源浪费。

多原发恶性肿瘤治疗原则

现阶段尚无对多原发恶性肿瘤有特殊的治疗方案,几乎所有的文献都支持根据肿瘤部位、病理分期、全身情况选择手术、放化疗为主的根治性治疗方法,术前、术后可辅助放化疗。

如果两原发恶性肿瘤的位置距离较远,第一原发肿瘤行手术治疗或放化疗后,不影响第二原发肿瘤的治疗。

如果两原发恶性肿瘤的位置距离较近,对于异时性多原发恶性肿瘤,由于第一原发肿瘤治疗后黏连、解剖改变等原因,则难以进行二次手术,或经过放疗,影响组织结构和血运,因此对第二原发肿瘤多采用放化疗等保守治疗的方法;对于同时性多原发恶性肿瘤,肿瘤范围较小,可经内镜或开放手术同时切除,若切除范围较大也可行分期手术。

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