JAMA:普通人群无症状颈动脉狭窄筛查是否有必要仍无定论

2021-02-07 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

颈动脉狭窄是已知的中风危险因素和心血管疾病标志物。尚未进行以人群为基础的颈动脉狭窄筛查试验。对于临床显著的无症状颈动脉狭窄的最佳治疗方法仍不确定。

颈动脉狭窄是已知的中风危险因素和血管疾病标志物。尚未进行以人群为基础的颈动脉狭窄筛查试验。对于临床显著的无症状颈动脉狭窄的最佳治疗方法仍不确定。选择最好的药物治疗单独或联合血管重建(颈动脉内膜切除术或颈动脉支架植入术)能有效预防卒中。在历史试验中,与最好的单独药物治疗相比,血运重建具有较小的长期效益,但可能导致手术损伤。

自2007年以来,美国预防服务工作组(USPSTF)一直建议在普通成年人中不要筛查无症状颈动脉狭窄。这一建议是基于无症状颈动脉狭窄导致的卒中在普通人群中的发病率较低,在较早的试验中与药物治疗相比,手术获益较小,以及手术可能造成小至中度的损伤。基于此,近日,JAMA杂志上更新了一篇简短的证据,旨在确定自2014年评审以来发表的研究,以是否需要更新USPSTF的建议。

研究者检索了2014年1月1日至2020年2月18日期间的MEDLINE、PubMed出版社提供的记录和Cochrane中央对照试验登记。对目标出版物的持续监测一直持续到2020年11月20日。两位研究者独立评估了符合纳入标准的文章并总结了数据。从每个美国国家数据库或外科注册报告程序损害的最新综合出版物被选择进行审查。这项快速审查的范围仅限于一般人群的筛查,而没有涉及高危亚人群。结果仅限于自上次审查以来发表的支持2014年建议的研究。一个分析框架和4个关键问题(KQs)指导了证据更新(图)。详细的方法和结果可以在完整的证据报告中找到。

分析框架

研究者筛选了2373个标题和摘要以及144篇全文文章。没有任何合格的研究能直接证明无症状颈动脉狭窄筛查的好处或坏处。两个有限的、提前终止的试验报告了颈动脉重建加最佳药物治疗与单独最佳药物治疗的比较效果的混合结果。SPACE-2试验(n=316)报告,与目前最好的药物治疗相比,颈动脉内膜切除术(未调整的危险比[HR],2.82[95%CI,0.33-24.07])或颈动脉支架置入术(未调整的HR,3.50[95%CI,0.42-29.11])后卒中或死亡(30天)或同侧缺血性卒中(1年)的综合结果无显著差异。较小的AMTEC试验(n=55)报告颈动脉内膜切除术组非致死性同侧中风或死亡的综合风险在统计学上显著降低,中位数为3.3年(计算未调整HR,0.20[95%CI,0.06-0.65])。这2项试验、2个国家数据集和3个外科登记处报告了与颈动脉内膜切除术(n=1903 761)或颈动脉支架置入术(n=332 103)相关的手术损伤。这些数据估计,颈动脉内膜切除术后30天中风或死亡的发生率为1.4%至3.5%,颈动脉支架置入术后30天中风或死亡的发生率为2.6%至5.1%。

基础证据和新证据的比较

总之,目前没有直接证据证明筛查的好处或坏处。与最好的药物治疗相比,这两项新的试验几乎没有增加关于血运重建效果的证据。来自当代国家数据库和外科登记处的关于手术损伤的新证据报道了并发症发生率;然而,他们的选择和测量偏差仍然是严重的问题。报告的并发症发生率的巨大差异可能归因于患者和外科医生/操作员的选择。

参考文献:Guirguis-Blake JM, Webber EM, Coppola EL. Screening for Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis in the General PopulationUpdated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task ForceJAMA. 2021;325(5):487–489. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.20364

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    2021-02-07 旺医

    顶刊就是顶刊,谢谢梅斯带来这么高水平的研究报道,我们科里同事经常看梅斯,分享梅斯上的信息

    0

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