Cell:「小身体,大智慧」Cell 重磅揭示大肠杆菌染色体折叠模式及影响因素

2021-07-22 生物探索 生物探索

美国耶鲁大学 Christine Jacobs-Wagner 研究小组在 Cell 杂志上发表了最新研究,揭示了大肠杆菌中的染色体折叠规律。

染色体是细胞生命活动的物质结构基础,与多种细胞过程息息相关,如基因表达、DNA 修复和染色体分离,其正确折叠至关重要。所有细胞都须将自身的基因组通过折叠压缩在一个小体积空间当中。

与真核细胞不同,细菌细胞没有核膜,并且不会将其染色体 DNA 包装成类似于核小体的重复结构单元。然而,它们仍然折叠并集中它们的染色体物质,形成一个动态的、有组织的 DNA 网络,称为类核(nucleoid)。

近日,美国耶鲁大学 Christine Jacobs-Wagner 研究小组在 Cell 杂志上发表了题为 Interconnecting solvent quality, transcription, and chromosome folding in Escherichia coli 的论文,揭示了大肠杆菌中的染色体折叠规律。

在本研究中,作者采用细胞的简单聚合物物理学视角,将细胞质视为聚合物溶液,其中聚合物是 DNA,溶剂是细胞质中的其他所有物质(例如,水、代谢物、蛋白质、核糖体和 RNA)。

根据聚合物-溶剂相互作用,溶剂的质量大致分为三种类型:理想、良好和差。

在良好效应的溶剂中,聚合物和溶剂之间的相互作用优于聚合物链段之间的相互作用。相反,在不良溶剂中,聚合物链段之间的相互作用比它们与溶剂的相互作用更有利。理想状态则是排斥和吸引相互作用被相互抵消。

类核区域内 DNA 浓度(图片来源:Cell)

大肠杆菌细胞中的表观平均类核大小

在营养贫乏和营养丰富的条件下,细胞 DNA 含量和类核大小基本保持不变。

为了探测类核网格大小,研究人员使用大肠杆菌菌株(CJW6340,表达带有 GFP 标记的人工设计的蛋白质,该蛋白质自组装成 25 nm 的 60 个亚基十二面体纳米笼)进行单粒子跟踪实验。

单粒子跟踪实验显示类核不存在空间位阻,整体平均均方位移与布朗运动一致,推测平均类核网格尺寸 > 25 nm。

使用更大的探针 GFP-μNS 颗粒(平均大小为 58 nm)的探针,发现其定位在细胞极区(即远离类核)的可能性增加,估计表观平均类核网格大小约为 50 nm。

表观平均类核网格尺寸的估计(图片来源:Cell)

细胞质是染色体的不良溶剂并促进染色体结构域的形成

通过染色体构象的 3D 蒙特卡罗模拟将大肠杆菌染色体建模为自由连接的链,调整相邻 DNA 片段之间角度范围的约束,以模拟溶剂质量。

模拟揭示了不同溶剂条件下染色体构象的巨大差异:

相对于理想和良好的溶剂条件,在不良溶剂条件下,DNA 密度似乎在空间上更加不均匀,与用超分辨率荧光图像观察的细菌类核 DNA 密度的空间异质性一致。相比于良好的溶剂,细胞质的不良溶剂效应可以导致多至 60 倍的染色体压缩比。

在不良溶剂中,DNA 片段往往彼此更接近,导致形成 DNA 密度高的区域与 DNA 密度低的区域交错。这种 DNA 密度的空间异质性产生了空洞现象,以增加表面的平均网格尺寸,并允许更大的物体通过。

而在理想和良好的溶剂条件下,类核 DNA 密度在空间上更加均匀,平均网格尺寸较小。

细胞质中有效的不良溶剂可以促进染色体结构域(domain)的形成,这种结构类似于 Hi-C 实验中所见到的染色质互相作用域(CIDs)。只有在较差溶剂条件下才能看到大的域状结构。

大肠杆菌染色体构象在不同类型溶剂中的模拟(图片来源:Cell)

类核体内核糖体密度的空间异质性与DNA密度呈负相关

核糖体主要以多聚核糖体形式存在,富集在类核区域之外。断层重建和核糖体定位显示,核糖体密度高度不均匀。除了预期的核糖体在细胞周围富集外,核糖体在细胞质中表现出密度的异质性,包括在细胞的中心区域 (即类核区)。

在类核体内,核糖体荧光信号与 DNA 信号呈负相关,这说明细胞质的不良溶剂效应是导致 DNA 密度不均匀的原因,而 DNA 密度不均匀又反过来影响了核糖体的定位。

大肠杆菌层析图中核糖体的空间分布(图片来源:Cell)

核糖体密度与类核区域内的 DNA 呈负相关(图片来源:Cell)

不同溶剂中染色体大小的模拟结果(图片来源:Cell)

转录是导致细胞质不良溶剂效应的原因

如果多聚核糖体拥挤是核样紧密化的主要促进因素,那么这个假说预言,即使转录不受影响,多聚核糖体丰度的减少也会导致类核样扩张。

为了检验这种可能性,作者用春雷霉素(Ksg,一种典型的 RNA 翻译启动抑制剂)处理大肠杆菌细胞,以将多聚核糖体转化为游离的核糖体亚单位和无核糖体的 mRNAs,减少多聚核糖体的丰度。

作者发现细胞与 Ksg 孵育 40 分钟后类核体并没有扩大,大多数类核体看起来更加紧凑,细胞中可辨别类核体的比例显着减少。

Ksg 处理导致类核向彼此移动与合并。这种聚合能界面相互作用变小,促进类核体和 RNA 之间的分离。

而在利福平(Rif,一种广谱抗生素药物)处理后,RNA 合成停止,转录抑制,核质比率 (核质面积除以细胞面积) 增加,核质发生膨胀。这些结果表明 RNA 水平越高,RNA 和 DNA 之间的分离越大,核样结构越紧密。

总之,DNA 和 RNA 之间的排斥作用,导致了染色体细胞质的不良溶剂效应。

RNA/DNA 分离和类核紧密度(图片来源:Cell)

导致细胞质不良溶剂效应的因素

类核蛋白(NAPs)和其他 DNA 结合蛋白(如转录调节蛋白)是与染色体相互作用的因素之一。蛋白与阴离子 DNA 聚合物的结合能局部改变染色体的静电势,通过弯转扭曲 DNA 减少 DNA 螺旋长度,进一步改变类核体的压缩程度和网格尺寸。

高离子强度的细胞质也可能导致较差的溶剂效应。体外研究表明,随着盐浓度的增加,DNA 片段之间的净相互排斥减少。二价镁离子不仅可以屏蔽 DNA 上的电荷,还可以诱导 DNA 片段之间的相互吸引。

分子动力学模拟表明,大分子拥挤可以被视为有效地降低溶剂效应。因此,多聚核糖体丰度的变化、高 RNA 水平与 RNA/DNA 分离度和类核紧密程度增大相关。

在 CID 域的边界,高转录活性导致新生 RNA 积累。这些 RNA 仍然通过 RNA 聚合酶与 DNA 结合,不能扩散。作者推测,为了尽量减少与这些结合 RNA 的接触,DNA 链通过收缩降低其边界处的局部密度,在边界两侧形成密集的 DNA 区域。

研究亮点:

大肠杆菌作为典型的模式生物,是研究得最为详尽的原核细菌。它们的染色体被压缩成类核,但对于染色体压缩和结构域的形成还没有完全理解。

本研究中提出了一种预测大肠杆菌中类核平均网格大小的方法。当细胞被视为简单的半稀释聚合物溶液时,细胞质表现为染色体的不良溶剂。

不良溶剂效应会导致染色体压实和 DNA 密度异质性,异质 DNA 密度与类核内的核糖体密度呈负相关,并发现 RNA 也会导致不良的溶剂效应。该研究将染色体压实和结构域形成与转录和细胞内组织联系起来,对染色体形成的机制有了更深入的了解。

图片来源:Cell

原始出处:

Yingjie XiangIvan V. SurovtsevYunjie Chang, et al. Interconnecting solvent quality, transcription, and chromosome folding in Escherichia coli. CellVol. 184Issue 14p3626–3642.e14.

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1962565, encodeId=a44a196256583, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Sun Oct 31 18:00:22 CST 2021, time=2021-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1872253, encodeId=f55018e2253de, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Mon Aug 23 22:00:22 CST 2021, time=2021-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1331753, encodeId=aa6a1331e53f6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d85a6181e4d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#染色体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61817, encryptionId=d85a6181e4d, topicName=染色体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKnILSXam1GxPwj04ylEzibYLFA2eGl5Ev02klt80JA0xejMPqrn0mYHNNnLEgyqYTPbicXpY3tn6SA/132, createdBy=38fd2500059, createdName=新生儿张玉军, createdTime=Fri Jul 16 13:00:22 CST 2021, time=2021-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1339995, encodeId=436f13399958c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e6624383eaf' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大肠杆菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43837, encryptionId=e6624383eaf, topicName=大肠杆菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0d342500153, createdName=12498bf3m25暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Jul 16 13:00:22 CST 2021, time=2021-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1465611, encodeId=55f71465611d6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=144f5032688' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#影响因素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50326, encryptionId=144f5032688, topicName=影响因素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=80a06745918, createdName=chenzhuanggui, createdTime=Fri Jul 16 13:00:22 CST 2021, time=2021-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1549710, encodeId=c7881549e1030, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f7879600061' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重磅#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96000, encryptionId=f7879600061, topicName=重磅)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3acc14121561, createdName=xxxx1054, createdTime=Fri Jul 16 13:00:22 CST 2021, time=2021-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1962565, encodeId=a44a196256583, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Sun Oct 31 18:00:22 CST 2021, time=2021-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1872253, encodeId=f55018e2253de, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Mon Aug 23 22:00:22 CST 2021, time=2021-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1331753, encodeId=aa6a1331e53f6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d85a6181e4d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#染色体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61817, encryptionId=d85a6181e4d, topicName=染色体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKnILSXam1GxPwj04ylEzibYLFA2eGl5Ev02klt80JA0xejMPqrn0mYHNNnLEgyqYTPbicXpY3tn6SA/132, createdBy=38fd2500059, createdName=新生儿张玉军, createdTime=Fri Jul 16 13:00:22 CST 2021, time=2021-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1339995, encodeId=436f13399958c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e6624383eaf' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大肠杆菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43837, encryptionId=e6624383eaf, topicName=大肠杆菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0d342500153, createdName=12498bf3m25暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Jul 16 13:00:22 CST 2021, time=2021-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1465611, encodeId=55f71465611d6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=144f5032688' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#影响因素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50326, encryptionId=144f5032688, topicName=影响因素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=80a06745918, createdName=chenzhuanggui, createdTime=Fri Jul 16 13:00:22 CST 2021, time=2021-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1549710, encodeId=c7881549e1030, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f7879600061' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重磅#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96000, encryptionId=f7879600061, topicName=重磅)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3acc14121561, createdName=xxxx1054, createdTime=Fri Jul 16 13:00:22 CST 2021, time=2021-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2021-07-16 xxxx1054