Nature Metabolism:不健康的生活方式正在成为癌症的“推手”!

2020-09-16 探索菌 生物探索

多种流行病学数据都清楚地表明,不健康的生活方式是最常见癌症的最强决定因素,并占所有癌症和癌症相关死亡人数的35%-50%。

多种流行病学数据都清楚地表明,不健康的生活方式是最常见癌症的最强决定因素,并占所有癌症和癌症相关死亡人数的35%-50%。确实,与宿主能量平衡有关的因素(例如饮食不良和缺乏运动)现已直接与主要癌症原因——吸烟相匹敌,而这原本是可预防的。

9月14日,来自美国纽约纪念斯隆凯特琳癌症中心的研究人员在《Nature Metabolism》上发表了一篇评论文章,文章回顾了不健康的生活方式如何导致新陈代谢和免疫功能异常,并推动肿瘤发生。此外,作者还讨论了运动如何影响远处的组织微环境,从而通过代谢和免疫特异性途径改善组织功能。

从综合生理学的角度来看,诸如慢性正能量平衡的表型(即肥胖表型)与特定细胞类型的异常动员、募集、保留及功能有关,也与许多调控网络中集体失调的分子有关,包括新陈代谢、激素调节、宿主及组织或肿瘤微环境的免疫和氧化平衡以及细胞和分子水平。所有调节网络及其之间的相互作用在肿瘤发生中都起着至关重要的作用,但新陈代谢和免疫功能是特别相关的因素。

包括代谢和免疫功能在内的调节网络并不是孤立运行的,而是在维持机体动态平衡方面相互高度依赖的。例如癌细胞的代谢重编程,其引起酸性、营养贫乏的肿瘤微环境,推动了抑制肿瘤抗原呈递和T细胞活化的免疫抑制细胞类型和表型的积累,从而共同抑制了适当的抗肿瘤免疫反应。

肥胖如何促进癌症的发生

肥胖是环境和生活方式因素如何在机体、组织或 肿瘤微环境和细胞水平上驱动免疫代谢轴失调,从而促进肿瘤发生的典型例子。

关键代谢生长因子(如葡萄糖,胰岛素)的异常供应,刺激了许多促进细胞生长、存活和增殖的生长因子信号通路的长期激活。这些激活的通路加上诱变物质(例如活性氧含量升高)的浓度增加和基因调控的表观遗传改变,共同为细胞致癌转化降低了“门槛”并推动转化后的进程。

肥胖还会引发炎症和免疫功能异常。各种组织和脂肪库中脂肪细胞的过度生长和肥大导致缺氧、脂肪细胞应激和死亡。由此产生的促炎性介质导致组织特异性募集和先天免疫细胞的积累,促进细胞增殖和存活途径的长期激活,并为肿瘤生成提供了可选择的“驱动器”。

肥胖状态的肿瘤微环境也具有免疫抑制作用。例如,在肥胖的乳腺癌小鼠模型中,肿瘤微环境中的髓样抑制细胞(MDSC)上调了免疫检查点分子PD-L1,这是由肿瘤内的细胞因子IFN-γ诱导的,并导致CD8+ T细胞功能受损。最近的报道还指出,肥胖增强的NK细胞脂质蓄积会导致细胞内代谢麻痹,并最终加速黑色素瘤的生长。

运动改善代谢和免疫特异性

庆幸的是,我们对此并非束手无策。一些新发现提供了令人兴奋的初步见解:运动不仅显着调节远端组织和器官的生物过程,而且对代谢或免疫调控途径的调节也起着核心作用。

运动诱导的保护作用,可防止参与癌症调节或易患恶性肿瘤的器官发生组织扰动

非酒精性脂肪肝是慢性代谢失调的产物,其会增加肝细胞癌的风险。在饮食诱导的非酒精性脂肪肝小鼠模型中,与对照组相比,运动4周(自愿轮转)可以抑制肝脂肪变性的发展。相关研究表明,运动与抑制脂肪生成相结合会增强肝脏特异性激酶AMPK的活化,这是一种关键的代谢传感器和调节剂,可减少合成代谢过程(例如脂质合成)并增加分解代谢过程(例如脂质氧化)。

运动也与溃疡性结肠炎的减轻有关,这种炎症是结直肠癌的主要危险因素。研究发现,运动疗法(即每天游泳1或1.5个小时,每周5天,连续7周)以剂量依赖性的方式抑制结肠缩短、结肠屏障破坏和脾肿大,还能减弱硫酸右旋糖酐钠引起的结肠隐窝深度的减少和促炎细胞介质的浸润,并减少结肠特异性促炎细胞因子的离体产生。

此外,多种小鼠模型中的研究结果还发现,运动(跑步6周)可促进造血干细胞和祖细胞的静止,减少骨髓中的骨髓细胞生成和全身性单核细胞增多。

运动在肿瘤微环境中的调节作用同样引人注目

运动对肿瘤微环境中免疫和代谢功能的调节

多项研究表明,运动能够调节肿瘤代谢。运动小鼠的肿瘤显示出47种代谢产物的丰度变化,例如核苷酸、维生素B6和氨基酸代谢以及三羧酸循环等丰富的途径。

此外,运动也会调节肿瘤内免疫反应。据报道,在EL4淋巴瘤模型中,跑步机运动2周会延迟小鼠的肿瘤生长,并减少巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞在肿瘤内的蓄积。强迫游泳6周后,在同系埃利希肿瘤模型中也观察到了类似的发现。

总结来说,肥胖等不健康的生活方式因素会造成代谢和免疫功能异常,从而破坏机体稳态并加速癌症发生。而运动却可以在生物、组织、细胞和分子水平上维持和恢复体内平衡,并可以预防或抑制包括癌症在内的多种疾病。

原始出处:

Graeme J. Koelwyn, Xueqian Zhuang, Tuomas Tammela,et al.Exercise and immunometabolic regulation in cancer.Nature Metabolism.Published: 14 September 2020

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    2020-10-20 guojianrong
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    2021-02-21 liye789132251
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    2021-05-18 一闲
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    2020-09-18 闆锋旦

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