Lancet Neurol:宣武医院贾建平团队全方面论述中国痴呆现状并提出痴呆防控方略

2019-09-09 佚名 中华医学信息导报

中国目前是世界上人口最多的国家(14亿),老年人口占17.9%,已经逐步进入老龄化社会。老年人口的增多导致老年神经系统变性疾病尤其是痴呆的增多,目前推算有痴呆患者超过1000万,MCI患者3100万,卒中后痴呆患者950万,总计5000多万痴呆与认知障碍人群。面对如此庞大的痴呆和认知障碍患病人群,一方面我们意识到目前相应的医疗服务和护理还不能满足患者的需求,另一方面我们要反思痴呆患病人群连年增

中国目前是世界上人口最多的国家(14亿),老年人口占17.9%,已经逐步进入老龄化社会。老年人口的增多导致老年神经系统变性疾病尤其是痴呆的增多,目前推算有痴呆患者超过1000万,MCI患者3100万,卒中后痴呆患者950万,总计5000多万痴呆与认知障碍人群。面对如此庞大的痴呆和认知障碍患病人群,一方面我们意识到目前相应的医疗服务和护理还不能满足患者的需求,另一方面我们要反思痴呆患病人群连年增长的原因,并对此提出有效的防控策略。这两方面已经成为我国防控痴呆亟待解决的重大问题。

2019年8月,宣武医院贾建平教授团队在国际顶级医学杂志The Lancet Neurology(IF:28.755)上在线发表题为Dementia in China:epidemiology,clinical management,and research advances的文章,研究团队通过二十余年对痴呆的深入研究,分别从流行病学、卫生经济学、疾病诊断临床管理临床试验五个方面对中国的痴呆现状进行了概述,在国际上首次提出中国目前痴呆面临的严峻问题和应采取的干预方案及防控策略。

一、流行病

随着中国痴呆患者数量的逐年增加,研究通过多组调查数据系统分析指出,目前中国60岁以上人群痴呆患病率为5.3%,农村高于城市(1.38倍),女性高于男性(1.65倍)。中国痴呆患病率自1990以后呈增长趋势,至2016年中国60岁以上人群痴呆患病率增长了5.6%,而全球平均患病率仅增加了1.7%。中国痴呆患病率呈上升趋势的可能原因是人类寿命的延长和诊断标准的进展,导致老年人数量的增加和痴呆患者的检出率更高。

二、卫生经济学

作者根据诸多研究数据指出,痴呆给患者及其家人带来了沉重的经济负担。根据2015年对痴呆患者的经济费用调查显示,中国痴呆患者的年总花费为1677.4亿美元,每个患者年花费为19144美元。痴呆费用的年总花费占国内生产总值(GDP)的1.47%,而全球痴呆患者的年总花费占全球GDP的1.19%,表明中国痴呆患者的经济负担高于全球平均水平。

三、痴呆诊断

目前,相对于庞大的痴呆人群来说,中国的痴呆专科医生处于严重短缺状态,且各地区对痴呆的诊断水平参差不齐,造成全国痴呆诊断率和检出率不均衡的局面。在医学院校的教学医院,大多具备记忆门诊并配备痴呆专科医生,这些专科医生根据《中国痴呆与认知障碍诊治指南》和国际标准进行诊断,正确率较高;在一些大中型城市的非教学三甲医院,仅少数设有记忆门诊,痴呆的诊断多由神经科医生完成,因缺乏专门的痴呆诊断训练,痴呆诊断正确率偏低;在县级医院,通常缺乏记忆门诊和痴呆专科医生,多由经验较少的内科医生对痴呆进行诊断,误诊率较高。

四、临床管理及护理

痴呆属于慢性疾病,需要长期照料和护理。其护理途径主要包括公立或私立的长期护理机构、社区护理和家庭护理。一项全国性调查显示,只有2%的痴呆患者接受正规护理,而其余患者由家中的非专业人员照顾,这就给缺乏专业知识和技能的照料者带来了巨大的身心负担,导致这种情况的主要原因是国内护理体系不够完善。在药物治疗方面,经过食品药品监督管理局批准的西药有胆碱酯酶抑制剂(多奈哌齐和卡巴拉汀),N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体拮抗剂(美金刚)等。中医药抗痴呆也越来越受到国内外业界的关注,其效果有待于在国际公认标准的临床试验中验证。

五、临床试验

中国抗痴呆药物的临床试验在过去10年间有所增加。到目前为止在中国进行的临床试验有28项(≥150名受试者),分为常规药物、中药、中国自主创新型化合物和国际新型化合物。痴呆是一种涉及多靶点的复杂疾病,目前的抗痴呆药物多为单靶点,而中药具有多靶点的抗痴呆成分,有巨大的发展潜力。例如,丁苯酞和塞络通在临床试验中显示出对血管性认知障碍的显著改善效果,为研究中药治疗痴呆奠定了基础。

综上,作者针对中国目前的痴呆现状提出了以下五点建议:(1)应建立国家监控系统分析和评价全国老年人群中痴呆的发病率、患病率以及风险和保护因素,根据这些基础数据建立国家一级和二级痴呆防控策略;(2)制定和实施国家层面的痴呆专科医生培训计划,在综合医院中设立记忆门诊,构建我国防治痴呆的专业人才队伍和体系;(3)完善我国痴呆护理服务设施和水平,培训专业护理人员,配套减轻护理人员身心负担的措施,形成具有我国特色的护理体系;(4)挖掘中医药宝库中抗痴呆的良方,并通过国际承认的随机双盲对照的临床试验对其有效性进行验证;(5)构建开放透明的临床试验平台,广泛吸引国内外抗痴呆药物临床试验,并采用统一标准,严格控制试验质量,以保障确切有效的抗痴呆药物推向市场。

该文发表于国际知名医学杂志,对中国痴呆的现状以全面独到的视角进行了深入分析,首次提出中国痴呆的干预方案和防控策略,为降低中国痴呆患病率和发病率提供了理论依据,这对有效防控痴呆具有里程碑式的意义。

原始出处:
Longfei Jia, Meina Quan, Yue Fu, et al. Dementia in China: epidemiology, clinical management, and research advances. Lancet Neurology. Sep 2019.

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    2019-12-06 howi
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    2020-03-07 yinhl1978
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    2019-09-10 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    学习了,,谢谢分享

    0

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    2019-09-10 txqjm

    谢谢了,学习

    0

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    2019-09-10 junJUN

    老年人痴呆何药可用??

    0

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