下颌**前磨牙变异根管的诊断和治疗4例

2019-11-19 王变红 侯本祥 北京口腔医学

根管治疗成功的关键在于准确认识根管系统的解剖形态,并对其进行完善预备成形、消毒以及三维充填。下颌第一前磨牙根管解剖形态复杂多变,多数为单根管,但常发生形态变异,出现双根管、三根管甚至“C”型根管。这些根管变异的发生,增加了根管治疗的难度和风险。在进行根管治疗时,临床医生应熟悉其解剖变异的特点,以避免遗漏根管,导致治疗失败。首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院口腔科收治下颌第一前磨牙根管变异患牙4例,完成根

根管治疗成功的关键在于准确认识根管系统的解剖形态,并对其进行完善预备成形、消毒以及三维充填。下颌第一前磨牙根管解剖形态复杂多变,多数为单根管,但常发生形态变异,出现双根管、三根管甚至“C”型根管。这些根管变异的发生,增加了根管治疗的难度和风险。在进行根管治疗时,临床医生应熟悉其解剖变异的特点,以避免遗漏根管,导致治疗失败。首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院口腔科收治下颌第一前磨牙根管变异患牙4例,完成根管治疗及术后复查,取得良好治疗效果,现报道如下:
 
1.病例资料
 
病例1:一般情况:患者,男,42岁,2016年6月15日因右下后牙自发跳痛5天于首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院口腔科就诊。5天前开始出现右下后牙自发性阵发性疼痛,伴冷热刺激加重,1天前冷热刺激痛自行缓解,但出现明显咬合疼痛。检查:44颊面颈部可见牙色充填体,边缘未见明显继发龋坏;冷刺激无反应;叩痛(++),根尖区扪诊(±),牙齿不松动;牙龈缘略红肿,PD:2~3mm。
 
根尖X线片示:根尖周膜完整,未见密度减低影像;根中1/2以下牙根膨大,根管影像变模糊,提示可能存在牙根及根管变异(图1A),遂行锥形束CT检查,显示:主根管在约根中1/2处分叉形成3个根管,分别为近中颊根、远中颊根及舌侧根管(图1B)。诊断:44急性根尖周炎。治疗过程:44橡皮障隔湿,常规建立根管入路,显微镜下用DG16根管探针探及根管口,及3个根管,分别为近中颊根、远中颊根及舌侧根管;使用6#及8#C型先锋锉(C-PILOTfilesVDW,德国)探查疏通根管(图1C);ProtaperS1-F1(Dentsply,美国)进行根管预备(图1D),5.25%NaClO冲洗,干燥,热牙胶垂直加压充填根管(图1E),冠部行树脂充填修复。术后复查:术后3个月及2年复查,44充填体完好,临床检查无阳性体征,X线片显示根尖周无异常(图1F,G,H)。



图1 病例1X线片及锥形束CT截图A:术前X线片;B:术前锥形束CT;C:插诊断丝拍X线片;D:根管预备成形后3个根管口位置关系;E:术后X线片;F、G:术后2年复查口内照;H:术后2年复查X线片
 
病例2:一般情况:患者,女,51岁,2016年6月24日因左下后牙龈反复起包1年半就诊。1年半前发现左下后牙龈起包,有时有淡黄色较稀薄脓液流出,1年前曾于外院治疗,具体过程不详,症状未完全消除,近两周出现左下后牙轻中度咬合不适。
 
检查:34面中央及颊面颈部见玻璃离子水门汀充填材料,材料磨损较重,周围继发龋,探痛(-);叩痛(+),牙齿不松动;颊侧牙龈近根尖处可见窦道口,少量血性分泌物;牙龈缘略红肿,牙龈退缩2~3mm,PD:2~3mm。根尖X线片示:牙槽骨水平吸收2~3mm;根管中上段可见高密度根充影像,根尖1/3段根管空虚,根尖周较大面积密度减低影像;根尖1/3段牙根膨大(图2A),提示可能存在牙根及根管形态变异。进一步行锥形束CT检查,结果显示:主根管在根尖1/3处分叉形成2个根管(图2B)。诊断:34慢性根尖周炎、34慢性牙周炎。治疗过程:34橡皮障隔湿,建立根管入路,显微镜下GG钻及超声去除旧根充物,拍摄锥形束CT,显示主根管在根尖1/3处分叉形成2个根管;探查根管,探及颊侧及舌侧根管(图2C);ProtaperS1-F2根管预备成形(图2D);热牙胶垂直加压法充填根管(图2E),冠部行树脂充填修复。转牙周科牙周治疗。术后复查:术后1年复查,患者无自觉症状。34临床检查充填物完好,根尖X线片示根尖周密度减低影消失,根尖病变愈合(图2F)。术后2年复查口内情况见图2G和图2H,X线片见图2I。



图2 病例2X线片及锥形束CT截图A:术前X线片;B:术前锥形束CT;C:插诊断丝拍X线片;D:根管预备成形后2个根管口位置关系;E:术后X线片;F:术后1年复查X线片;G、H:术后2年复查口内照;I:术后2年复查X线片
 
病例3:一般情况:患者,女,46岁,2016年6月17日因左下后牙冷热刺激痛1周余就诊。检查:34颊面颈部深楔状缺损,探诊酸痛不适,未探及露髓点;冷刺激持续性疼痛,叩痛(-),牙齿不松动;牙龈退缩1~2mm,未见红肿,PD:1~2mm。根尖X线片示:根尖周未见异常,根中1/3以下根管影像变模糊(图3A)。诊断:34慢性牙髓炎。治疗过程:34橡皮障隔湿,建立根管入路,探查根管,探及2个根管:颊根及舌根,根管常规预备后热牙胶垂直加压法充填根管(图3B,C),冠部行树脂充填修复。术后27个月复查,充填体完好,临床检查无阳性体征(图3D,E)。



图3 病例3术前、术中及术后根尖X线片A:术前X线片;B:插诊断丝拍X线片;C:术后X线片;D:术后27个月复查口内照;E:术后27个月复查X线片
 
病例4:一般情况:患者,男,43岁,2017年2月9日因右下后牙自发跳痛3天就诊。检查:44颊面颈部可见楔状缺损,深度近髓;冷刺激迟缓性疼痛;叩痛(±),根尖区扪痛(-),牙齿不松动;牙龈未见红肿,龈退缩1~2mm,PD:1~2mm。根尖X线片示:根尖周膜完整,未见密度减低影像,根中1/3以下根管影像变模糊不清晰,其邻牙43为双根管(图4A)。诊断:44急性牙髓炎。治疗过程:44橡皮障隔湿,建立根管入路,探查根管,探及2个根管:颊根及舌根,根管常规预备后热牙胶垂直加压法充填根管(图4B),冠部行树脂充填修复。患者临床症状消除。



图4 病例4术前、术后根尖X线片A:术前X线片;B:术后X线片
 
2.讨论
 
遗漏根管是导致根管治疗失败的常见原因之一。对初次根管治疗失败的病例进行非手术再治疗时进行的研究分析显示,20%左右是由于根管遗漏而导致的初次治疗失败。Song等在根尖手术中使用显微镜对493个牙根的根尖及切除的根尖断面进行观察分析,发现导致根管治疗失败的第二位原因为遗漏根管,占19.7%。导致根管遗漏的原因,一方面是根管系统形态复杂,具有多态性、变异性和增龄性改变等特点,另一方面是术者对根管解剖变异认识不足,不能将其变异辨认出。下颌第一前磨牙根管解剖系统存在较大变异。
 
循证医学的相关研究显示,24.2%的下颌第一前磨牙为2个或2个以上根管,中国、澳大利亚及撒哈拉以南的非洲地区人口更容易发生多根或多根管。Yang等的研究显示,中国人群该牙双根管的发生率为22.05%,根管形态主要为1-2型,其次为2-2型(均为Vertucci分型)。双根管时,2个根管口的距离多数在1~3mm范围内。此外,还有0.68%的下颌第一前磨牙为3个根管,根管形态主要为1-3型(Vertucci分型),1.14%为“C”形根管。本文报告4个病例,病例1根管形态为1-3型,病例2、4均为1-2型,病例3为2-2型。针对下颌第一前磨牙复杂多变的根管形态术前仔细研读X线片有助于发现异常。
 
下颌第一前磨牙多根或多根管时,通常是在牙根中下段由1个根管分叉形成2个或3个根管,因此其根尖片会有一些特征性改变,主要表现为根管影像突然变窄或消失,本文所报道4个病例均有此表现。另外还可能伴有牙根中下段变膨大,本文病例1和病例2中有明显的此表现。若平行投照怀疑有多个根管可以偏移投照再拍摄1张X线片来进一步确认,也可以行锥形束CT检查来进一步明确。锥形束CT为临床医生提供了更加清晰和直观的三维影像,不仅可排除相邻解剖结构影像重叠所致的干扰,还可使医生直接观察变异牙根及根管的形态及空间位置关系,为后续的治疗提供有力指引。
 
在进行根管治疗的过程中,可以利用牙科显微镜、超声工作系统、DG16根管探针、C型先锋锉、机用镍钛系统、热牙胶根管充填系统等器械和设备,对根管系统进行预备成形及严密的三维充填,以提高这类复杂根管治疗的质量和成功率。寻找及探查变异根管时需注意:①开髓洞型应为颊舌径大的长椭圆形,若高度怀疑存在3个根管,则开髓洞型可适当向近中颊侧或远中颊侧拓展形成圆三角形。②此类变异中根管分叉位置通常在根中或根尖1/3。存在2个根管时,根管系统的形态类似英文字母“h”,颊侧根管是“h”形中较直的那部分,舌侧根管从根中或根尖1/3段开始分出,并且与颊侧根管成1个较大的角度,有时甚至为直角,弯曲且不易寻及。
 
存在3个根管时,通常为颊侧有2个较为细小的根管,舌侧有1个相对粗大的根管。治疗中可在牙科显微镜下用GG钻或者超声工作系统敞开根管中上段,用DG16根管探针或C锉探寻根管口,之后用小号C锉预弯进一步探查疏通根管。在进行根管充填时,需在显微镜下进行,最好使用热牙胶垂直加压根充技术。操作的难点和关键点是操作分叉点以下各个根管的充填。
 
操作技巧是先将1支已选好的主牙胶尖放入相应根管并及时切断上段,保留根尖区3~5mm并使切断位置位于根管分叉点以下,以便为后续充填保留操作空间;依次完成另外1个或2个根管的根尖段充填后,分别回填各根管直至分叉处;最后回填分叉点以上根管区域,完成整个根管系统的充填。
 
综上所述,在行下颌第一前磨牙根管治疗时,应对其解剖形态的复杂程度和变异特点有足够的认识,摒弃单根管的习惯思维,术前拍摄并仔细阅读X线片,必要时拍摄锥形束CT;术中仔细探查和寻找可能存在的根管,综合运用牙科显微镜、超声工作系统、机用镍钛系统等现代根管治疗的器械设备和技术进行根管预备、消毒及充填,以提高治疗的成功率。
 
原始出处:

王变红,侯本祥.下颌第一前磨牙变异根管的诊断和治疗4例报告[J].北京口腔医学,2018,26(06):346-349.

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    2020-09-25 xlysu
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1例意向性牙再植治疗下颌磨牙难治性根尖周炎

患者,女,32岁,右下颌后牙曾于外院根管治疗,2年前牙齿出现疼痛,并伴有颊侧牙龈反复肿胀来诊,检查发现初次根管治疗不彻底,遂施行了完善的根管再治疗,半年前该患牙再次出现牙龈肿胀。

下颌**磨牙近中3根管远中2根管1例

患者男,29岁。因左侧下颌后牙冷热刺激痛、夜间痛1周就诊。检查:36远中邻牙合面可见牙色充填物,探诊(-),冷诊(+),热诊(++),叩诊(+),无明显松动。余牙未见异常。X线片示:36继发龋损近髓,根尖周无稀疏区(图1)。诊断:36急性牙髓炎。

下颌第二磨牙C形根管根尖孔移位1例

患者女,16岁。于2016-12因右侧下颌磨牙冷热刺激痛半月余来我院就诊。检查:47牙合面龋损近髓,探(+),叩(±),冷诊持续性疼痛,无松动。X线片示:47牙合面低密度影像,近髓角;近远中两根融合,根尖周稀疏区(图1)。

下颌第三磨牙阻生及其拔除导致邻牙牙周炎形成的原因分析和治疗(附1例报告)

患者女,26岁。2017-11-26就诊于中国医科大学附属口腔医院牙周科。主诉为无明显不适,要求牙周检查。患者3年前曾于外院行左下、右下M3拔除术(术前曲面断层片见图1)。否认药物过敏史、正畸治疗史、吸烟史、家族牙周病史及全身系统性病史。

双种植钉牵引拔除高危下颌水平阻生智牙8例报道

整体下牙列远移是骨性Ⅲ类掩饰性治疗常选用的治疗方案,但治疗前需拔除下颌智牙。对于水平阻生且紧邻下牙槽神经管的病例,直接拔除引起下唇麻木的风险较大。正畸牵引拔除是通过周围骨组织改建促进智牙移位离开神经管,减小手术风险的有效方法。我院近3年来采用双种植支抗钉配合悬臂梁牵引拔除水平阻生智牙,获得了较好效果,现报道如下。

下颌**恒磨牙C形根管2例

患者女,28岁,2017年3月因右下后牙夜间痛、自发痛就诊。患者3年前曾于外院行该患牙的充填治疗。检查:右下第一恒磨牙近中面见树脂充填体,边缘出现继发龋坏,探诊无疼痛,叩诊无疼痛,冷诊疼痛,持续数十秒。X线片示:右下第一恒磨牙近中面充填体下方出现边缘性继发龋低密度影像并已经与近中髓角相连,近中及远中根呈现内收形态,根管影像模糊不清,根尖周无明显暗影(图1A)。