一、术前准备
Before a surgery, much work should be done to make sure the patient's safety.
做手术之前为了确保病人份的安全有许多工作要做。
1. Vital signs will be taken and recorded. Tell the doctor anything unusual.
第一，要检测并记录生命体征。将任何异常情况告知医生。
2. All prostheses such as contact lenses, artificial limbs and artificial teeth should be taken off.
第二，所有假体，例如隐形眼镜、假肢以及假牙都应该摘掉。
The anesthetist may prefer that artificial teeth be left in place. So the nurse must consult the anesthetist on this.
麻醉师可能会希望让患者戴着假牙，所以护士必须咨询麻醉师的建议。
3. The patient's nail polish and makeup should be removed. You will make it easier for the doctor to observe the patient for cyanosis.
第三，患者必须除去指甲油并卸妆。这样会让医生更容易辨认病人是否患有苍白病。
The cyanosis often shows the need for oxygen. Hairpins should also be removed because they will cause contamination
苍白病通常表明患者需要输氧。还应当摘掉发夹等发饰，以免造成感染。
4. The bladder should be emptied by voiding or by catheter. A full bladder could be damaged during surgery.
第四，经过排尿或者导尿清空膀胱。膀胱内充满尿液可能会在手术过程中受损。
5. Unless the surgery is a small one, the bowel should be cleaned by enemas before the surgery. It will prevent much discomfort after the surgery. It will also prevent contamination.
第五，术前患者需使用灌肠剂清空肠道，小手术除外。这会避免很多术后不适症状。还可以避免感染。
6. Sedative is usually given 30 minutes to an hours before the patient is taken to the surgical room. It will make the anesthesia easier.
第六，镇静剂通常在患者进入手术室前30分钟到一小时内注射。这可以让麻醉过程进行地更容易一些。
After that, the patient should be encouraged to rest quietly. A member of the family may be allowed to stay in the room with the patient.
然后应该轻声安慰患者进入休眠状态。手术室内有时可以允许患者的一位家属陪伴。
7. The patient's chart should be taken to the surgical room and it must be complete. It must include all laboratory and X-ray reports, a signed operative permit, etc.
第七，患者的病历表应该带入手术室，并且表格需要完整。上面必须包括所有的化验和X光检查报告以及一份签名的手术许可等等。
Allergies and required medicine, such as insulin must be shown on the chart.
过敏原和所需药物，如胰岛素，也应在表格中注明。
Excuse me, Ms. Wang. I want to go to the toilet.
劳驾，王护士。我想去厕所。
You need not go to the toilet. Please try the bedpan.
你不能去厕所。请你用便盆吧。
How can I urinate in bed?
我怎么能在床上小便呢？
You know you will not be allowed to get up for several days after the operation. So you must learn to use the bedpan.
手术之后几天你是不允许下床的。所以你必须学者使用便盆。
OK. Let me have a try.
好吧。我试试。
When will I be sent to the operating room?
我什么时候进手术室？
About 8 O'clock. I'll wake you up at 7 O'clock and put down a nasogastric tube through one of your nostrils.
大概八点。我会在七点叫醒你然后从你的鼻孔中插入一根胃管。
Could you tell me why?
你能告诉我为什么要插胃管吗？
We will give you food through the tube on the second and third day after the operation.
手术后第二、三天我们需要通过胃管给你喂食。
What time will I be back here?
我什么时候能被送回这里？
You'll be back at about 3 pm.
大概下午三点。
How can my wife know about the operation?
我妻子怎样了解我手术的进展？
She can stay in the waiting room. We'll tell her as soon as possible about the operation.
她会在等候室。手术一结束我们会马上通知她。
Have you signed the consent?
你在同意书上签字了吗？
Yes. What should I do before operation?
签了。手术前我应该做什么？
We'll prepare you by shaving and cleaning. Then you'll take a shower. You'll have a liquid diet for supper.
我们会给你剃须做清洁。然后你要洗个澡。晚饭你要吃一些流食。
I know. Will the operation hurt very much?
我知道了。手术会很疼吗？
Don't worry. You won't feel anything during the operation.
别担心，手术过程中你不会感受到任何疼痛。
You'll find yourself back in the room after the operation.
手术后你醒来的时候就已经在病房了。
You may feel some pain and feel drowsy. We will give you an injection to relieve the pain if you can't stand it.
你可能会感到有点疼并昏昏沉沉。如果疼痛难忍的话我们会给你注射一些缓解疼痛的药物。
Thank you.
谢谢你
二、手术中
Operator, put me through to the operating room please.
话务员，请帮我接手术室。
Just a minute. The line is engaged.
稍等。目前占线。
A few seconds later.
几秒钟后。
Operation room.
手术室
May I speak to the head nurse?
能请护士长接电话吗？
Of course, she's right here.
当然可以，她就在这。
Hello, I'm the head nurse. What can I do for you?
你好，我是护士长。有什么可以帮您？
What's going on in the operation room right now?
手术室中目前是什么情况。
I have an emergency case coming in.
我马上有一个紧急病例。
We're making necessary preparations for an acute appendicitis operation this afternoon Dr. Wang is going to perform the operation.
我们在为今天下午王医生的急性阑尾炎手术做必要准备。
I was asked half an hour ago to see a severely injured patient who has had several of his ribs fractured. He needs a chest operation immediately. Would you arrange for an emergency operation?
我半小时前接收了一个严重肋骨骨折的病人。他需要立即接受胸腔手术。你们帮我安排紧急手术吗？
Of course, I'll make the necessary arrangements right away. I'll phone you everything is ready.
当然可以。我马上做必要准备。一切准备完毕之后我给你打电话。
Fine, I'll be waiting for your call.
好的，我等你电话。
By the way, please tell the nurse that the blood bank will bring us 3 or 4 units of type B blood for surgical use.
对了。请告诉护士血库会给我们3或4单位的B型血供手术使用。
Anything else?
还有其他要交代的吗？
Yes, I'm planning to use a general anesthesia and would like to have an assistant.
有，我需要做全身麻醉，需要一位助手。
All right. I'll let Dr. Wang know it immediately.
好的。我马上通知王医生。
Thank you.
谢谢你。
You're welcome.
不客气。
After the operation.
三、术后
The patient is in narcosis, take care.
患者还在昏迷状态，多留意。
What kind of surgery has he had?
他接受了什么手术？
A chest operation.
胸腔手术。
Is he allergic to any drug?
他对什么药物过敏吗？
He's allergic to meperidine.
他对哌替啶过敏。
Did he lose much blood during the surgery?
手术中他失血很多吗？
He lost 400 ml of blood and received 2 units of red cells.
他失血400ml。我们给他输了2单位的红细胞。
Has he received any other fluids?
你们给他输其他液体了吗？
1000 ml of 5% dextrose in distilled water.
1000毫升含5%葡萄糖的蒸馏水。
四、手术后康复与护理
After the operation, the surgical patient often needs intensive care.
手术之后，外科病人通常需要加强护理。
Here there are some reasons. Of course, some common problems will occur.
这其中有一些原因。当然，也会有一些常见问题出现。
The problems can be expected and therefore anticipated.
这些问题是可以预见的。
After the operation, patients often need hemodynamic monitoring.
手术之后需要对病人进行血流动力学监护。
Many of the conditions are related to basic medical problems.
病人的很多症状与基本的临床问题相关。
Some patients will have intraoperative hemorrhage or postoperative infection.
一些病人会出现术中出血或术后感染。
It may lead to instability. So the patient needs special care.
这会导致手术后病情恢复不稳定。因此病人需要特别看护。
This will be much more common after emergency surgical procedures.
这种情况在急救手术病人身上更为常见。
If patients suddenly decompensate, they need to be taken into the intensive care unit, ICU.
如果病人突然代谢失调，需要将其送入重症加强护理病房。
Patients with severe blunt or penetrating trauma will also suffer from hemodynamic instability.
钝挫伤及穿透性创伤患者还会出现血流动力学不稳定。
Very often, they will have an immediate inflammatory response which is caused by severe bone and soft tissue injury.
他们很可能会出现急性炎症反应，这是由严重骨质或者软组织受伤所致。
If hypovolemic shock occurs, then it shows that the injury is serious. The patient sometimes needs blood transfusion to correct the deficit.
如果出现低血容量性休克，这表明伤势严重。有时需要对病人进行输血来补充其体内血液。
Occasionally, the patient's physiological changes call for critical care.
病人的生理变化偶尔也会需要特别监护。
If patients have nontrauma emergencies that are related to perforated viscous or necrotic bowel, an even greater total body insult will occur.
如果非创伤性疾病的急救患者的病症与肠穿孔粘滞或肠坏死有关，那么患者整个机体可能会受其影响。
Each insult leads to a systemic inflammatory response.
这些影响会分别导致各个器官的系统性炎症反应。
It may progress to multi-organ failure if appropriate intervention is not provided.
如果不采取有效治疗，患者可能出现多器官功能衰竭 。
Collectively, these surgical patients cover the majority of the patients who have to be sent to the ICU.
总而言之，重症加护病房的患者大部分是外科手术患者。
五、术后恢复
Ms. Wang, I'm having a pain here.
王医生，我这里很疼。
I'll give you pain relieving medicine.
我给你开一些止疼药。
It's better now. But I'm a little thirsty. Would you please give me some water?
现在好些了。但是我很渴。你可以给我一些水喝吗？
I'm afraid I can't. But I can moisten your lips to quench your thirst.
抱歉，恐怕你现在不可以喝水。但是我可以在你的嘴唇上蘸一些水帮你解渴。
Thanks. When can I drink?
谢谢。我什么时候可以喝水？
When your bowel is sound and gag reflex returns.
需要等你的肠鸣音和咽反射恢复之后才可以喝。
Then I can eat something?
那时我就可以吃东西了吗？
I'm afraid you can't.
恐怕不行。
When can I eat?
我什么时候才可以吃东西？
You can take a liquid diet on the 1st postoperative day. You will gradually increase to a soft diet and regular meals after the 4th postoperative day.
手术一天之后你可以吃一些流食。然后你慢慢可以吃软食，手术四天之后就可以正常用餐了。
What's the liquid diet?
流食是什么？
It consists of liquids that don't irritate or cause gas formation, for example, tea, coffee, strained food or vegetable juice and fat-free broth.
流食以无刺激性或者不会导致气体产生的液体为主，例如茶、咖啡、过滤食品、蔬菜汁和无脂汤。
What's the soft diet?
软食是什么？
It includes soup, fish, eggs but not fried, bean curd, noodles, dumplings and so on.
软食包括汤、鱼肉、非煎炸鸡蛋、豆腐、面条、饺子等等。
Which kind of food should I avoid?
我应该避免吃哪些食物呢？
Rich pastries, heavy salad dressing, fried food, lard, etc.
油腻的点心、过多的色拉酱调料、煎炸食品、猪油等。
Anything important?
还有什么需要特别注意的吗？
Yes, you'll do some breathing exercise tomorrow.
有，明天你需要做一些呼吸练习。
Why?
为什么？
The exercise will help prevent respiratory complications.
呼吸练习可以预防呼吸系统并发症。
Will you help do the exercise or I do it myself?
我要自己做练习吗，还是你会辅导我？
I'll help you and give you some advice.
我会帮你，给你提一些建议。
Can you tell me now how I will do it?
你现在可以告诉我怎样做吗？
Of course. Press your incision, breathe deeply and then cough. I will raise the head of your bed.
当然可以。按住手术切口，深呼吸然后咳嗽。我会把你的床头升高一些。
I see.
我知道了。
Please press the button when you feel discomfort.
如果你感到有什么不适的话请按呼叫器。
I will. Thank you.
我会的，谢谢你。
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本网站所有内容来源注明为“梅斯医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料，版权均属于梅斯医学所有。非经授权，任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载，授权转载时须注明来源为“梅斯医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章，或“梅斯号”自媒体发布的文章，仅系出于传递更多信息之目的，本站仅负责审核内容合规，其内容不代表本站立场，本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系，我们将立即进行删除处理。
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