儿童感染性疾病管理中,如何更好的与时间赛跑?

2019-07-30 佚名 检验医学网

近年来,随着医疗卫生事业的发展,儿童感染性疾病已逐步得到控制,但新生儿死亡率仍然比较突出。

近年来,随着医疗卫生事业的发展,儿童感染性疾病已逐步得到控制,但新生儿死亡率仍然比较突出。

抗生素的使用是控制感染性疾病的有效手段,但儿童正处在生长发育阶段,各脏器功能尚不完善,不合理的使用抗生素容易引发药物不良反应,且耐药菌的广泛产生也与不合理使用抗生素有着密切的关系。

炎症因子的检测,为感染性疾病的诊断提供了重要的手段,为合理使用抗生素提供了可靠的依据,CRP、IL-6、PCT被人们誉为感染性疾病诊断的「新三大利器」。

感染标志物的现状

机体感染病原微生物后会发生一系列的生理和病理反应,并产生与感染密切相关的特异性生物标志物。检测相关生物标志物可以帮助临床医生进行感染性疾病的诊断及鉴别、指导抗菌药物或抗病毒药物的使用、评估病情进展程度、判断预后等。因此,一个好的感染性疾病生物标志物应同时具有诊断、指导治疗、评估预后和随访的作用,并且其检测必须是灵敏、快速和方便的,最好能够进行即时检验(point-of-caretest,POCT)。

近年来,感染性疾病生物标志物领域得到了迅猛发展。经典的生物标志物,如C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP),在儿科感染性疾病的诊断及鉴别诊断方面发挥了重要作用。而新的生物标志物,如降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)、白细胞介素 6(interleukin 6,IL-6)、干扰素-γ(interferon-gamma, IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α )方兴未艾,也已广泛应用于临床。其中,IL-6 在急性炎症反应中处于中心地位,与炎症性疾病及感染程度直接相关。

IL-6在儿童感染诊断中的价值

在感染性疾病中,IL-6 是局部和系统免疫反应的重要因子,且白介素 6 激活时间短,是早期炎症、脓毒症,感染严重程度及预后评估的优秀指标。《感染相关生物标志物临床意义解读专家共识(2017)》中也明确指出,炎症诊断中 IL-6 检测具有重要价值。针对儿童患者,IL-6 具有明显的优势:

(1)IL-6利于早期炎症的诊断

炎症反应发生后,IL-6率先生成,产生后诱导CRP和PCT的生成。

(2)IL-6半衰期1h,能更快的反映抗生素治疗的效果及预后的判断

当感染未控制时,IL-6持续高表达;而一旦感染控制,IL-6因其半衰期仅1h,相比于CRP半衰期19h,PCT半衰期24h,在感染控制后下降更快、幅度更大,更有利于临床早期明确疗效。

研究显示,对于开始发热的患者,IL-6是最好的反应患者预后的标志物,显着优于PCT和CRP,IL-6、PCT、CRP评估初试发热患者生存的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.807、0.637及0.545。


图1:通过IL-6、PCT、CRP的浓度评估初试发热患者生存的ROC曲线分析

(3)IL-6不受新生儿生理性影响,可早期诊断新生儿感染

IL-6 具有广泛生物活性,参与多种生理与免疫过程,可作为早期判断新生儿细菌感染的指标,其水平升高与疾病的严重程度正相关。基于此,IL-6 已被列为早期诊断成人和新生儿感染的有效指标。

IL-6 在新生儿刚出生后48 h内无生理性升高现象,IL-6 是新生儿感染的一个早期标志,当新生儿 IL-6 水平显着增高时,常提示机体存在感染 ,可作为新生儿感染早期诊断的灵敏指标。对24 h内感染的敏感度介于 75%~90%,并在临床症状出现 48 h 后下降明显。

联合 PCT 检测时,可排除 PCT 在新生儿刚出生 48 h 内因生理性升高而掩盖因感染导致病理性升高的干扰因素影响,从而能更早更快提示新生儿刚出生时是否受到感染。

(4)更利于鉴别革兰氏阴性菌(G-菌)和革兰氏阳性菌(G+菌)

研究表明,G- 菌血症患者血清 IL-6 水平明显高于 G+ 菌血症患者,且差异大于 PCT。IL-6 和 PCT 联合检测能更好的辅助鉴别 G+/G-菌。PCT、IL-6 均明显升高,则 G- 菌感染的可能性大,若 PCT 高,而 IL-6 不明显,则应考虑 G+ 菌的可能性大。结合细菌培养能更早期的鉴别诊断出 G+/G- 菌,针对性的指导使用抗生素具有重要价值。



新的炎症标志物,为新发和再发感染性疾病的防控提供及时、有效的客观依据,真正提高临床一线对于感染性疾病的预警、预测和诊治能力。CRP、IL-6、PCT 的联合应用,能够有效避免抗菌药物的滥用,从而提高人民身体素质,对国家和社会都有积极的意义。另外,针对儿童患者,最好能有快速检测试剂(例如北京热景生物、深圳金准生物),具有灵敏、快速和方便的特点。

抗生素合理应用势在必行,加强 CRP、IL-6、PCT 等炎症指标检测,尤其是联合多指标检测,可取得更好的诊断价值,结合 IL-6 的生物学效应和特点,可早期发现感染性疾病,减少疾病的漏诊率和误诊率,对提高病愈率、降低病死率及减少抗生素的滥用亦有重要意义。

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