Nat Commun:在大脑类器官中逆转自闭症相关基因突变及其对神经发育的影响

2022-05-14 王聪 “生物世界”公众号

研究使用人大脑类器官揭示自闭症相关基因突变是如何破坏神经发育的,并通过基因治疗恢复相关基因功能,有效挽救之前被破坏的神经结构和功能。

包括自闭症(ASD)和精神分裂症在内的几种神经系统疾病与大脑发育中必不可少的基因——TCF4(转录因子4)的突变有关。转录因子负责调控其他基因的表达与关闭,因此,转录因子基因的突变会对发育中的胚胎带来多米诺效应。但 TCF4 突变后,会对大脑带来哪些影响,我们目前还知之甚少。

近日,加州大学圣地亚哥分校的研究人员在 Nature 子刊 Nature Communications 上发表了题为:Transcription Factor 4 loss-of-function is associated with deficits in progenitor proliferation and cortical neuron content 的研究论文。

该研究使用人大脑类器官揭示自闭症相关基因突变是如何破坏神经发育的,并通过基因治疗恢复相关基因功能,有效挽救之前被破坏的神经结构和功能。

为了研究 TCF4 基因突变对大脑发育的影响,研究团队聚焦在了 Pitt-Hopkins 综合征上,这是一种由 TCF4 基因突变引起的自闭症,患儿存在严重的认知和运动障碍。但现有的 Pitt-Hopkins 综合征小鼠模型无法准确模拟患者的神经特征。

加州大学圣地亚哥分校的研究团队决定创建该疾病的人类模型,利用人工诱导干细胞技术,他们将来自患者的皮肤细胞人工诱导为干细胞,然后再培育成 3D 大脑类器官,并与来自正常细胞的大脑类器官进行对比。

该研究的通讯作者 Alysson Muotri 教授表示,即使不用显微镜,也能很轻易地分辨哪个具有 TCF4 基因突变的大脑类器官,TCF4 突变的大脑类器官比正常大脑类器官小得多。而且其中许多细胞实际上不是神经元,而是神经祖细胞。这些细胞本应分裂并发育成熟为神经元,但在 TCF4 基因突变的大脑类器官中,这一过程出现了问题。

进一步实验表明,TCF4 基因突变导致下游的 SOX 基因和 Wnt 通路失调,这是指导胚胎细胞分裂增殖、成熟为神经元并迁移到大脑中正确位置的两个重要分子信号。由于这种失调,神经祖细胞不能有效地分裂增殖,因此产生的大脑皮层神经元较少,这还会导致大脑类器官的结构受损和神经活动异常,从而导致认知和运动功能受损。

基于这些发现,研究团队尝试对 TCF4 基因突变的大脑类器官进行基因治疗。首先,研究团队使用了 CRISPR 介导的转录激活,激活 TCF4 基因表达。以及直接使用腺相关病毒(AAV)载体或慢病毒(Lentivirus)载体递送 TCF4 基因实现过表达。这两种方法均能有效提高 TCF4 表达水平,并在分子、细胞和电生理学水平上逆转 TCF4 基因突变大脑类器官的表型。这表明修复 TCF4 表达水平能够重建神经系统,并实现功能上的治疗作用。

该研究的通讯作者 Alysson Muotri 教授表示,这些研究和治疗是在类器官水平上进行的,相当于产前大脑发育阶段,而在临床上,患儿往往在出生后才被诊断出来并接受治疗。他还表示,对于这些孩子和他们的家人来说,任何能够改善认知和运动功能及生活质量的治疗方法都值得尝试,但是还需要进一步确认这些治疗方式对于已出生的患儿是否同样有效,才能进行下一步的临床试验。目前,团队正在优化基因治疗工具,为临床试验做准备。

Pitt-Hopkins 综合征研究基金会主席 Audrey Davidow 表示,这是一项出色的研究工作,他们超越了学术论文本身,并努力将研究发现转化为真正的临床应用,是科学改变人类生活的典范

原始出处:

Papes, F., Camargo, A.P., de Souza, J.S. et al. Transcription Factor 4 loss-of-function is associated with deficits in progenitor proliferation and cortical neuron content. Nat Commun 13, 2387 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29942-w.

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    2022-06-13 liye789132251
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    2022-08-23 liuli5079
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    2022-05-14 neurowu
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    2022-05-14 xiongke014

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