Nature子刊:北京大学胡家志团队开发出更为安全的Cas9变体Cas9TX

2022-03-12 生物世界 生物世界

该研究揭示了基因编辑过程中染色体易位产生的分子机制,并针对性地设计和开发了安全性大幅提高的新型基因编辑酶——Cas9TX。

CRISPR-Cas 核酸酶是目前最为广泛使用的基因编辑工具,在基础科研以及临床应用方面都有着广阔的应用前景。然而除了脱靶活性,CRISPR-Cas 还会产生染色体易位以及染色体大片段缺失等染色体结构异常,这些副产物严重威胁了基因组的稳定性,并与癌症的发生相关,因此成为CRISPR-Cas应用的一大障碍。

202110月,一名淋巴瘤患者在接受 Allogene 公司的经过基因编辑的下一代通用型 CAR-T候选药物 ALLO-501A 治疗后,他的所有血细胞系都减少了,活检分析发现他的体内出现了具有染色体异位的 CAR-T细胞。由于染色体异位可能导致癌症发生,考虑到这种严重的潜在风险,FDA暂停了Allogene 公司的所有CAR-T临床试验。

随着基因编辑临床应用的不断普及,被编辑细胞出现不可控染色体易位等的病人的数量也必然会将逐渐增加。而由于缺乏针对基因编辑过程中染色体结构异常发生机制的了解,领域内尚没有抑制该类副产物发生的有效策略。

202238日,北京大学生命科学学院、北大-清华生命科学联合中心胡家志课题组在 Nature Communications 期刊发表了题为:Cas9 exo-endonuclease eliminates chromosomal translocations during genome editing 的研究论文【1】。

该研究揭示了基因编辑过程中染色体易位产生的分子机制,并针对性地设计和开发了安全性大幅提高的新型基因编辑酶——Cas9TXCas9TX能抑制基因编辑过程中染色体易位、大片段缺失等染色体结构异常的产生,将CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑的安全性大大提高,其编辑过程中的DNA损伤被降低到与目前被认为最安全的碱基编辑器(Base Editor)相当的水平。Cas9TX可能是目前最为安全的CRISPR-Cas9编辑变体。

值得一提的是,研究团队将Cas9TX应用于下一代通用型CAR-T细胞制作中,发现在不影响CAR-T杀伤效率的同时,Cas9TX将靶向位点之间的染色体易位降低到了背景水平。

基于胡家志课题组2019年开发的全面评估基因编辑安全性的方法PEM-seq2】,研究团队首先评估了新一代CAR-T技术的安全性。PEM-seq方法的详细操作指南也于2022年公开发表于Cell系列的STAR protocols上【3】。

下一代通用型CAR-T细胞的构建结合了基因编辑技术,在生产CAR-T细胞的同时敲除TRACB2MPDCD1等多个基因,可降低供体与受体之间的免疫排斥反应,实现异体移植的可能,并同时提高CAR-T细胞的杀伤能力。在该研究中,作者首先利用PEM-seq检测了新一代CAR-T细胞中染色体结构异常的发生概率,分析表明染色体易位普遍发生于多个Cas9的靶向位点之间,其比例占到了总编辑事件的1%左右。这意味着在CAR-T细胞疗法中,每给病人回输10^8CAR-T细胞便有多于10^6个细胞携带染色体易位。

而值得注意的是,以往的关于淋巴瘤的研究表明,TRAC附近存在可以大幅促进基因表达的转录增强子,可以提升易位后附近原癌基因的表达水平。该研究进一步指出目前领域内常用于消除脱靶活性的Cas9高保真变体并不能有效抑制Cas9靶向位点之间染色体易位的发生(图1)。

1. 染色体易位普遍存在于新一代CAR-T细胞制作过程中

为了探究基因编辑过程中染色体易位发生的规律,该研究对PEM-seq数据进行了详细的分析,作者意外地发现Cas9靶向位点与脱靶位点两端发生的易位连接存在着明显的方向偏好性。按理DNA发生切割后两种末端应该是随机结合的,不具有偏好性,而实际上的末端结合偏离了理论值1:1的比例(图2上)。通过这样一个真奇怪的发现(注:艾萨克·阿西莫夫曾说,在科学探索中能听到的最激动人心、可能预示着新发现的一句话,不是我找到了,而是真奇怪。),研究团队找到了基因编辑过程中染色体易位大量发生的主要原因之一,即Cas9在靶位点和脱靶位点上的反复切割(repeated cleavage)(图2下)。这一机制的发现也解决了困扰 Fred Alt 等实验室近十年之久的一个问题:为何G1晚期的细胞比生长中的细胞更容易形成染色体易位?

2. Cas9反复切割完美修复产物导致了染色体易位的大幅度产生

随后作者尝试将核酸外切酶与Cas9相偶联,通过在编辑过程中修饰DNA断裂末端来减少完美修复产物的比例,从而抑制Cas9反复切割(图2下)。通过对多种外切酶的筛选,本研究最终将优化过的人源TREX2蛋白与Cas9相偶联生成核酸内外切酶Cas9TXPEM-seq分析显示Cas9TX确实可以抑制Cas9反复切割,并几乎消除了染色体易位的产生。接着作者通过全基因测序等手段验证了Cas9TX并不会对基因组造成非特异性的切割,它可以稳定、有效地抑制消除染色体易位的产生,并达到了与造成DNA单链断裂的碱基编辑器同等的水平。另外研究人员发现Cas9TX还可大幅度减少染色体大片段缺失的生成。

与此同时,在抑制染色质结构异常发生的同时,Cas9TX还能保持与Cas9同水平或者略高的基因编辑水平。另值得指出的是,突变的TREX2236个氨基酸,不会显著增加Cas9的大小(图3)。

3. Cas9TX几乎消除了基因编辑过程中染色体易位的产生

研究团队还进一步将Cas9TX应用于下一代通用型CAR-T细胞的制备,发现在不影响CAR-T杀伤效果的同时,Cas9TX将靶向位点之间的染色体易位降低到了背景水平(图4)。

4. Cas9TX提高CAR-T细胞制作的安全性

除了CAR-T细胞制作这种ex vivo的基因编辑案例,研究团队还将Cas9TX应用于in vivo眼部疾病模型年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)的小鼠模型中,他们发现Cas9TX在消除染色体易位的同时,还可以极大抑制AAV载体的整合。总之,Cas9TX展现出了惊人的效果。

北京大学胡家志研究员为该文章的通讯作者。该研究得到了北京大学医学部刘涛,北京大学李湘盈、魏平研究员以及北京大学第一医院妇产儿童医院妇科肖冰冰医生的大力支持。胡家志研究员实验室博士研究生尹健行,卢如森以及辛昌昌为该文章的共同第一作者,该文章也得了其他共同作者的大力帮助。

论文链接:

1.https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-28900-w

2.https://www.nature.com/articles/s41421-019-0088-8/

3.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101088

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    2022-10-06 liye789132251
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    2022-03-15 萌宝嘟嘟

    好东西,谢谢分享

    0

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    2022-03-14 respect
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    2022-03-14 yaanren
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    2022-03-13 医鸣惊人

    认真学习了

    0

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    2022-03-12 ms4000000194031466

    👍👍👍👍👍

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1776400, encodeId=8d571e7640056, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d9d33646c8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#北京大学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=33646, encryptionId=7d9d33646c8, topicName=北京大学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f6cc38925383, createdName=lixiaol, createdTime=Wed Aug 03 04:06:57 CST 2022, time=2022-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1885675, encodeId=81b918856e5e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Oct 06 19:06:57 CST 2022, time=2022-10-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1202843, encodeId=44281202843ca, content=好东西,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d0be2111725, createdName=萌宝嘟嘟, createdTime=Tue Mar 15 19:02:21 CST 2022, time=2022-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1365082, encodeId=eaa7136508206, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3f66412ebd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4127, encryptionId=3f66412ebd, topicName=Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8346212, createdName=respect, createdTime=Mon Mar 14 11:06:57 CST 2022, time=2022-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624988, encodeId=2006162498840, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0333412062' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4120, encryptionId=0333412062, topicName=Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Mon Mar 14 11:06:57 CST 2022, time=2022-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1202347, encodeId=e3ce120234ef2, content=认真学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6EF3hKja8nER8RMzxQdria9eCYFhgLTLsDOeqnvIYdeLDz5eP6EnicLuE5gibiawgno4zUA0jAR7Nbtp2llQ9fs3Mk/0, createdBy=278f1986883, createdName=医鸣惊人, createdTime=Sun Mar 13 22:59:21 CST 2022, time=2022-03-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1202089, encodeId=6f701202089f3, content=👍👍👍👍👍, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200615/2632ad9b0cbe41099afc78cc410e4829/a6c809eee225447c99a44260c2c470ae.jpg, createdBy=27dc5388613, createdName=ms4000000194031466, createdTime=Sat Mar 12 21:49:45 CST 2022, time=2022-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1202071, encodeId=835912020e1ba, content=厉害, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/12/20/dafb36f63f4241903de36c3d053babb8.jpg, createdBy=d367105945, createdName=Midas, createdTime=Sat Mar 12 21:17:56 CST 2022, time=2022-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-03-12 Midas

    厉害

    0

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