Cell:脑转移免疫治疗新靶点,张思园团队揭示中枢神经系统髓系细胞对脑转移的调控作用及机制

2020-10-29 Bio生物世界 Bio生物世界

随着对原位肿瘤系统化治疗的发展进步,近年来,继发性的肿瘤脑转移在临床上更趋多见,主要来自黑色素瘤、肺癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌等晚期患者。

随着对原位肿瘤系统化治疗的发展进步,近年来,继发性的肿瘤脑转移在临床上更趋多见,主要来自黑色素瘤、肺癌、乳腺癌结肠癌等晚期患者。脑转移的发生发展是转移的肿瘤细胞(”the seed” 种子)与中枢神经系统独特的免疫微环境(”soil” 土壤)之间相互作用的结果。

研究发现,脑转移灶中同时存在来自中枢神经系统自身的髓系细胞(Central nervous system-native myeloid cells ,CNS-myeloids)和外周骨髓来源的髓系细胞(bone marrow-derived myeloid cells ,BMDM)。

已有的研究表明,胶质瘤及脑转移组织中浸润的免疫细胞具有组成多样性和异质性;利用RNA测序结合谱系示踪技术在胶质瘤动物模型的研究中,发现CNS-myeloids和BMDM在转录水平上截然不同。

然而,由于实验模型和技术手段的限制,CNS-myeloids和BMDM在肿瘤脑转移的发生发展过程中的具体作用难以区分,两者是否具有不同的功能特性及作用机制,至今尚不清楚。

2020年10月28日,美国圣母大学生物科学系、哈珀肿瘤研究所(Harper Cancer Research Institute)的张思园教授研究团队,在Cell上发表了题为“CNS-Native Myeloid Cells Drive Immune Suppression in the Brain Metastatic Niche through Cxcl10”的研究论文。

该研究系统阐明了CNS-myeloids通过营造免疫抑制微环境,在促进脑转移的发展过程中发挥主导作用。该研究为脑转移的免疫治疗提供了新的研究靶点,具有重要的理论价值和潜在的临床意义。

研究人员首先在组织病理标本中观察,尽管脑转移的肿瘤源自不同类型的原发肿瘤,Iba+髓系细胞浸润是多种脑转移肿瘤组织的共同的显着特征。随后在乳腺癌脑转移实验模型中作者证实了髓系细胞浸润程度跟转移灶的大小和分期密切相关。 此外,通过高分辨三维成像发现,浸润的髓系细胞具有典型的分布模式和活化相关的形态特征。

接下来的质谱流式细胞技术(CyTOF)分析发现,与正常脑组织相比,脑转移浸润的免疫细胞具有独特的免疫细胞组成格局和分子表型。作者们进一步运用能对成千上万不同单个细胞同时检测表面蛋白标记和转录组的新型单细胞测序技术CITE-seq(Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by sequencing)开展研究。这个结果是CITE-seq技术在肿瘤脑转移领域的首次应用。

通过多维度的蛋白和RNA数据分析发现,脑转移相关髓系细胞(激活状态)相对于正常脑组织髓系细胞(静息状态)展现截然不同的转录谱,两者分别具有发散性和会聚性的基因表达特征。更重要的是,脑转移小鼠模型上单细胞测序的结果在临床病人脑转移和胶质瘤单细胞测序数据中得到了验证。

在上述高通量、多维度单细胞表型差异分析的过程中,研究人员发现Cx3cr1表达在有脑转移的小鼠中枢神经系统自身的髓系细胞(CNS-myeloids)中显着下调。考虑到Cx3cr1在髓系细胞中普遍表达,作者们采用Cx3cr1CreERT/+:ROSA26iDTR/+小鼠模型,在乳腺癌脑转移过程中给予他莫昔芬(Tamoxifen) 及 白喉毒素,发现条件性去除广谱髓系细胞(图1)可明显减少转移灶数量。

图1 条件性去除广谱髓系细胞的实验设计

有意思的是,利用CCR2基因敲除小鼠去除外周骨髓来源的髓系细胞(BMDM)对脑转移的影响十分有限。这个结果和以往普遍认为的BMDM在原发脑肿瘤中的作用非常不同。作者进一步运用了特异性去除CNS-myeloids动物模型(图2)。去除CNS-myeloids可明显抑制脑转移数量。由此提示CNS-myeloids在促进脑转移的发展过程中具有主导作用。

图2 特异性去除CNS-myeloids的实验方案

在此基础上,研究人员进一步发现,在CNS-myeloids中针对性敲除Cx3cr1(图3)同样可以增加实验性脑转移病灶。接下来他们对CNS-myeloids是如何通过Cx3cr1影响脑转移发展这一难题展开了系统的探索。作者们深入分析了单细胞测序结果,发现Cx3cr1敲除的CNS-myeloids中干扰素应答显着增强并且趋化因子Cxcl10表达上调。

图3 通过骨髓移植实现针对CNS-myeloids的Cx3cr1敲除实验

进一步的机制研究发现,Cxcl10 通过募集VISTAHiPD-L1+的免疫抑制性CNS-myeloids,进而抑制T细胞的抗肿瘤作用。在实验小鼠中给予VISTA 和 PD-L1中和抗体可提高T细胞浸润及其免疫活性进而显着减少脑转移瘤数量。

概况来说,这项研究通过采用独特的基因工程小鼠模型,巧妙的实验设计,结合临床病人数据以及高通量、多维度的单细胞分析(图4),揭示了中枢神经系统自身的髓系细胞CNS-myeloids可通过趋化因子Cxcl10信号形成特异性免疫抑制微环境促进脑转移的发展,充分说明了组织免疫微环境对肿瘤转移发生发展过程的重要调控作用。该研究有望为探索脑转移的免疫治疗提供新的策略。

图4 中枢神经系统髓系细胞CNS-myeloids通过趋化因子Cxcl10信号形成特异性免疫抑制微环境促进脑转移的发展

张思园教授团队近两年来在肿瘤脑转移以及利用单细胞测序研究肿瘤免疫微环境方面做出了许多突出的成果。该团队去年8月在 Nature Communications 杂志上报道了一种单细胞分析指导下克服靶向药物耐受型乳腺癌的联合免疫治疗策略;今年6月又在 Nature Communications 报道了Rab11b蛋白介导的整合素循环促进脑转移的作用机制。

原始出处:

Ian H Guldner, Qingfei Wang, Lin Yang, et al.CNS-Native Myeloid Cells Drive Immune Suppression in the Brain Metastatic Niche through Cxcl10.Cell. 2020 Oct 22;S0092-8674(20)31305-2. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.064.

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    2021-04-27 ms2000001427597796

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    2021-01-26 维他命
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    2020-10-31 lsndxfj
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    2020-10-29 肿肿

    机制研究离临床仍然有距离,不过与临床结合思考,仍然有帮助的,不能仅仅是纯临床思维,转化思维同样重要

    0

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