Nature:促进癌细胞转移!这种食物我们每天都在吃

2021-11-18 LCY MedSci原创

棕榈酸(PA)是人体内最常见的饱和脂肪酸,占人体内总脂肪酸的 20-30%,平均而言,一个 70 公斤重的人由 3.5 公斤棕榈酸组成。它可由饮食提供,也可体内合成。

棕榈酸(PA)是人体内最常见的饱和脂肪酸,占人体内总脂肪酸的 20-30%,平均而言,一个 70 公斤重的人由 3.5 公斤棕榈酸组成。它可由饮食提供,也可体内合成。

棕榈酸广泛存在于我们平时的膳食中。

棕榈酸占棕榈油总脂肪的44%,由于棕榈油完全不含转基因成分,每单位面积的油产量胜过其他油籽作物10倍,它已超过豆油成为世界上最重要的食用植物油。

棕榈油广泛用于食品加工业:糖果、蛋糕、奶酪类似物、薯片、巧克力、饼干、冷冻食品(煎饼、馅饼、比萨饼)、冰淇淋、方便面和燕麦片、人造黄油、花生酱、沙拉酱、火锅底料等。

此外,棕榈酸还存在于很多肉类和乳制品中(占总脂肪的 50-60%)、可可脂中 (占总脂肪的26%) 和橄榄油中(占总脂肪的8–20%),甚至母乳中(占总脂肪的 20-30%)。

长期以来,关于棕榈酸是否有害健康尚无定论。世界卫生组织(WHO 2003)的一份报告表明棕榈酸会增加血管疾病风险,但是另一些实验结果并不支持这个结论,结果的争议可能是源于饮食的复杂性,实验选择标准及实验对象的年龄等差异。

最近发表于《Nature》上的一篇文章表明棕榈酸会改变小鼠的表观基因组,并促进小鼠癌细胞的转移。

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研究人员在体外用300μM浓度的棕榈酸(PA)、50μM浓度的油酸 (OA)或50μM浓度的亚油酸 (LA)刺激人口腔鳞状细胞癌(OSCC)细胞4天,然后将这些细胞原位接种到以标准饮食喂养的小鼠体内。

结果发现,接种了棕榈酸刺激的OSCC癌细胞的小鼠,体内转移病灶的数量和大小明显增多,而油酸和亚油酸却没有这种效果。

不仅如此,研究人员还发现这种转移增强并不需要棕榈酸的持续刺激。研究人员用棕榈酸体外刺激OSCC癌细胞4天后,将刺激过的癌细胞放在标准培养基中培养14天,发现癌细胞仍然具有很高的转移能力!说明棕榈酸的短暂刺激可以长久的维持癌细胞强劲的转移能力。

那么,含棕榈酸的食物是否也会促进癌细胞转移呢?

接下来,他们将OSCC癌细胞原位接种到小鼠体内待形成原发性肿瘤后,就给这些患癌的小鼠短期喂食富含棕榈油的食物,并用喂食富含橄榄油食物或者标准饮食的患癌小鼠作为对照,10天后,再全部更换成标准饮食。

为了更清楚的观察转移结果,他们从小鼠体内取出原发性肿瘤进行纯化,再将这些纯化的癌细胞移植到喂食正常饮食的二次小鼠中。

结果发现,来自初级小鼠的肿瘤细胞在二级小鼠身上的转移能力,棕榈油喂养的比橄榄油和标准饮食喂养的都更强。说明,含棕榈酸的食物一样会促进癌细胞转移。

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细胞行为是受基因表达控制的,那么,棕榈酸刺激后的癌细胞的表观基因组是否发生了变化,从而导致基因表达的改变?

研究人员分析了体外用棕榈酸处理的OSCC癌细胞的表观基因组,发现H3K4me3发生了稳定的变化,并因此介导肿瘤细胞表达了一些与神经发生、神经重塑、肿瘤细胞外基质 (ECM) 组织和胶质生成等被证明与癌症预后不良有关的基因。

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H3K4me3是组蛋白H3第4个赖氨酸残基的三甲基化标记,它主要负责基因的启动。组蛋白修饰如甲基化、乙酰化等的标记是能遗传给子代的,因而棕榈酸处理导致的H3K4me3变化是能随着癌细胞的分裂传给它的子代细胞的。这也是为什么在停止棕榈酸刺激后,癌细胞仍具有很强的转移能力的原因。

总而言之,这个研究证实,膳食棕榈酸不但能促进癌细胞转移,而且还能把这种转移能力传给它们的子代,让这种强劲的转移能力长久的保持下去。

看到这里,也许很多人想扔掉含棕榈油的加工食品,如方便面、火锅底料等,少吃加工食品肯定没错,但即使不吃棕榈油,我们每天喝的牛奶和肉类就含有不少的棕榈酸,这会影响我们的健康吗?

脂肪酸(如棕榈酸)作为饮食的重要组成部分,参与人体内很多关键的生理活动:保证细胞膜的物理特性,与蛋白质棕榈酰化、棕榈酰乙醇酰胺 (PEA) 生物合成以及肺中有效的表面活性剂活性等。

正常情况下,棕榈酸在体内组织的含量似乎被控制在一个明确的浓度附近,据文献报道,人体每天对棕榈酸的平均摄入量约为 20–30 g,其摄入量的变化不会明显影响其组织浓度,因为饮食来源的棕榈酸会与体内生物合成(DNL)的棕榈酸互相平衡,从而维持其组织浓度的稳态。

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                     图源:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00902

然而,在一些特定的因素下,如碳水化合物(特别是单糖和双糖)摄入过多以及久坐不动的生活方式,会导致组织过度积累棕榈酸从而可能引起血脂异常、高血糖、异位脂肪堆积增加;或者在某些病理条件下,棕榈酸可能会进一步加速对身体的有害影响。

正如上述《Nature》研究那样,棕榈酸不会使小鼠引发癌症,但在小鼠患癌的情况下,会加速癌细胞的转移。因此,凡事过犹不及,膳食均衡、保持良好的生活习惯才是证据确凿的对健康有利的

参考文献

Salvador Benitah, Dietary palmitic acid promotes a prometastatic memory via Schwann cells, Nature (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04075-0. www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04075-0

撰文 | LCY
编辑 | PP

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