Cerebral Cortex:与物质使用障碍相关的遗传变异可能与大脑结构差异有因果关系

2022-03-03 影像小生 MedSci原创

大量使用酒精、烟草或大麻与严重的负面后果有关,包括增加失业风险、精神疾病共病、物质使用障碍、发病率和死亡率。在过去的几十年里,非侵入性脑成像技术极大地加强了对大脑结构和功能及其与药物使用的关系的理解。

大量使用酒精、烟草或大麻与严重的负面后果有关,包括增加失业风险、精神疾病共病、物质使用障碍、发病率和死亡率。在过去的几十年里,非侵入性脑成像技术极大地加强了对大脑结构和功能及其与药物使用的关系的理解。与此同时,较低的基因分型成本、统计遗传学方法的进步以及更大样本的可用性使基因对两种大脑结构的影响得以研究和物质使用。尽管神经成像和分子遗传学技术取得了重大进展,但很少有研究研究酒精、烟草和大麻使用的遗传结构与神经解剖测量的关系。
全基因组关联研究 (GWAS) 已经确定了与大脑形态和物质使用行为 (SUB) 相关的遗传变异。然而,大脑结构和 SUB 之间的遗传重叠尚未得到很好的表征。

Jill A Rabinowitz等最近在Cerebral Cortex杂志发表研究文章Shared Genetic Etiology between Cortical Brain Morphology and Tobacco, Alcohol, and Cannabis Use,该实验旨在研究烟草、酒精和大麻使用与神经成像特征之间的遗传相关性,阐明物质使用的遗传结构和大脑结构之间的关系。

该研究采用 71 种脑成像测量和酒精、烟草和大麻使用的 GWAS 汇总数据,使用连锁不平衡评分回归来研究它们的遗传重叠。

该研究使用基因组结构方程模型来模拟“常见的 SUB 遗传因子”,并研究其与大脑结构的遗传重叠。此外,估计了 SUB 多基因风险评分 (PRS),并使用青少年行为和认知发展 (ABCD) 研究检查了它们是否预测了脑成像特征。

反映物质使用表型的遗传风险与表面积之间关系的标准化效应量(z-scores)。红色突出的积极效应表示表面积增加,蓝色突出的消极效应表示有色区域表面积减少。

该研究确定了 8 个显着的负遗传相关性,包括(1)每周饮酒量和平均皮质厚度,以及(2)吸烟开始年龄的颅内体积。

另外观察到 5 个正遗传相关性,包括 (1) 岛叶表面积和终生大麻使用之间的相关性,以及 (2) 常见的 SUB 遗传因子和旁距状回表面积之间的相关性。SUB PRS 与 ABCD 中的脑结构变化有关。

该研究结果强调了皮质脑形态和 SUB 之间的共同遗传病因,并表明与 SUB 相关的遗传变异可能与大脑结构差异有因果关系。

这项研究是研究物质使用PRS是否可以用来预测儿童大脑组织变化的唯一研究之一,阐明了使个体倾向于参与物质使用的潜在神经机制。随着对精准医疗和个性化健康举措的日益重视,该研究是帮助阐明基因和大脑形态与物质使用之间复杂关系的第一步;然而,目前,临床或预防应用受到限制,因为对物质使用影响神经结构的生物和分子途径仍有很多未知,反之亦然。就下一步而言,未来的研究应该考虑检查基因、大脑结构、物质使用和相关行为,以及随着时间的推移环境,以帮助确定这些变量之间的因果关系。这种工作有可能有助于更好地理解物质使用的发病机制,能够检测出物质使用问题高风险个体,并有助于更精确的诊断和治疗。

原文出处

Jill A Rabinowitz, Adrian I Campos, Jue-Sheng Ong, Luis M García-Marín, Sarael Alcauter, Brittany L Mitchell, Katrina L Grasby, Gabriel Cuéllar-Partida, Nathan A Gillespie, Andrew S Huhn, Nicholas G Martin, Paul M Thompson, Sarah E Medland, Brion S Maher, Miguel E Rentería, Shared Genetic Etiology between Cortical Brain Morphology and Tobacco, Alcohol, and Cannabis Use, Cerebral Cortex, Volume 32, Issue 4, 15 February 2022, Pages 796–807, https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab243

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