2型糖尿病患者种植体挤压下颌神经管致下唇麻木1例报告

2020-01-09 林珍香 潘在兴 林捷 中国实用口腔科杂志

http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=171r0e40ne330g20k35e0r50pc765021&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1

下颌后牙区进行牙种植手术时,下颌骨中有下牙槽神经走行的下颌神经管、颏孔等解剖结构,不慎伤及会引起下颌不同程度的麻木并发症。2型糖尿病患者常伴有以骨代谢及钙、磷代谢紊乱为特征的糖尿病性骨病,患者颌骨往往表现出牙槽骨的丧失及颌骨的骨质疏松,从而影响种植体的骨整合及功能。本文报道1例2型糖尿病患者种植体挤压下颌神经管致下唇麻木的临床观察及处理,评价治疗效果并对预防该类型种植并发症进行探讨。
 
1.病例资料
 
1.1病史与检查
 
患者男,63岁,汉族。以“左下后牙松动数月、疼痛2周”为主诉于2016-03-10来福建医科大学附属口腔医院特诊科就诊。5年前因患者左下后牙龋坏在外院行金属冠修复,2周前左下后牙间断疼痛,未治疗,现疼痛加重。患者既往在综合性医院内分泌科诊断为2型糖尿病,有家族史,服用二甲双胍药物治疗。
 
专科检查:67见金属冠修复体,叩痛(+),松动Ⅱ度,牙冠边缘不密合,牙龈红肿,易出血。5远中邻面深龋及髓,冷热刺激疼痛加重。X线片示67牙槽骨吸收至根尖1/4,根尖低密度影环绕(图1a)。


图1 a初诊67牙槽骨吸收;
 
1.2临床诊断与治疗计划
 
临床诊断:67重度牙周炎,5慢性牙髓炎。治疗计划:67拔除3个月后种植修复;5根管治疗后桩冠修复。
 
1.3治疗过程
 
67拔除后3个月复诊,术前检查空腹血糖6.7mmol/L。常规消毒及黏骨膜下浸润麻醉,左下后牙区植入2枚直径4.1mm、长10mm的SemadosS-Line种植体(Bego,德国)(图1b),初期稳定性良好,扭矩值达35N·cm,均采用非潜入式种植。术后3个月复诊,2枚种植体松动,X线片显示种植体周围低密度影(图1c),患者自述曾使用左侧咀嚼。继续观察1个月未见改善,取出2枚种植体,建议患者于内分泌科复查糖尿病控制血糖。3个月后复诊,种植体取出后创面基本愈合,X线片仍可见少许密度减低影像(图1d)。



图1 b67拔除后3个月,进行一次手术植入2枚种植体;c术后3个月复诊,2枚种植体松动,可见种植体周围低密度影;d种植体取出后3个月(二次手术前),仍可见少许密度减低影像
 
在7拟种植区,下颌神经管距牙槽顶11.3mm。二次种植手术,术前检查空腹血糖6.5mmol/L、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)6.8%。常规消毒及黏骨膜下浸润麻醉,67位置分别植入直径4.1mm、长11.5mm和直径4.5mm、长10mm的SemadosS-Line种植体,均采用潜入式种植。其中6在原有植入位置近中7mm处再次植入,扭矩值达到35N·cm;7在原有植入位置再次植入,扭矩值10N·cm。术后曲面体层片示7种植体下端紧靠下颌神经管(图2a)。


图2a二次手术后,可见7种植体下端紧靠下颌神经管;
 
患者次日复诊,诉左下唇及牙龈麻木,拍摄CBCT三维重建发现7种植体未直接接触但挤压下颌神经管(图3)。使用弥可保、维生素B12等营养神经药物1周未见明显好转,局麻下取出7种植体(直径4.5mm、长10mm),原有位置植入直径5.5mm、长8.5mm的SemadosS-Line种植体(图2b),扭矩值20N·cm。继续服用营养神经药物,术后15d下唇麻木消失。术后3个月复诊,种植体稳定,曲面体层片示种植体周围骨质致密(图2c),未见明显异常,连冠修复67牙列缺损(图4)。随访1年,患者种植牙使用正常,无不适主诉。
 

图2b三次手术,取出7种植体,重新原位植入短种植体;c三次手术后3个月,种植体稳定,可见种植体周围骨质致密
 

图3二次手术后种植体与下颌神经管位置关系的CBCT三维重建图像


图4 67种植后修复的基台及冠部修复体
 
2.讨论
 
本例患者患有2型糖尿病,是导致种植牙后续一系列问题的重要因素之一。当代社会2型糖尿病的患病率呈上升趋势,中老年人是主要患病人群。Farzad等曾报告对25例糖尿病患者的136枚种植体进行临床观察,愈合3~6个月后修复即刻和修复后1年的成功率分别为96.3%和94.1%。Javed等对糖尿病患者种植进行系统性回顾指出,在血糖控制良好的前提下,非糖尿病患者较糖尿病患者种植成功率高2%~10%,结果与年龄和性别无关。
 
Oates等研究了HbA1c与种植体成功率的关系,结果显示HbA1c≥8.1%的患者种植所需要的愈合时间更长,认为HbA1c控制在8%以下种植较为安全。Kopman等在大鼠模型的实验结果表明,糖尿病可抑制种植体的骨结合,理想的血糖水平对提高成骨细胞功能有促进作用。虽然本例患者有服药控制血糖,且术前检查空腹血糖6.7mmol/L在正常范围内,但糖尿病患者种植牙仍存在风险和不确定性。HbA1c反映过去2~3个月血糖控制的平均水平,受血糖偶发性升高、降低的影响较小,可较全面地评价血糖控制水平。因此,糖尿病患者的手术指征不能只用一次空腹血糖检查的结果进行评价,应多指标综合评价。
 
种植前应充分询问糖尿病病史,并排除冠心病、脑血管病、糖尿病肾病及视网膜病变等相关系统性疾病,同时结合相关检查明确糖代谢状态,检查HbA1c、空腹血糖、葡糖糖负荷2h血糖、骨密度值等,必要时多次复查,与内分泌专科医生会诊治疗方案。下颌后牙区种植过程中,由于术前对受植区的测量不准确或术中定位偏差而导致下牙槽神经压迫或损伤,是术后下唇麻木或感觉异常的主要原因。
 
术前拍摄CBCT,全面了解患者下颌神经管和颏孔在下颌体内的三维位置、变异及受植区骨质骨量,是保证手术安全的前提条件。牙拔除后牙槽嵴萎缩,下颌神经管位置相对更靠近牙槽嵴顶,拔牙后的变化使患者下颌后牙植入区正对下颌神经管,且距离不足的可能性增加。本病例二次种植过程中,因扭力达不到预定的35N·cm,种植体进入过深挤压下颌神经管变形。从CBCT三维重建的种植体与下颌神经管关系可证实,种植体距离下牙槽神经仅有0.5mm距离,压迫而非进入下颌神经管也会引起麻木,这提示了下颌后牙区种植距下颌神经管2mm安全距离的重要性。
 
王国云等研究认为,在骨质条件良好、无基础疾病风险的前提下,种植备洞可利用接近下颌神经管的2mm安全距离以弥补骨垂直高度的不足,但如有糖尿病等基础疾病则不建议利用。手术应采用黏骨膜下浸润麻醉,避免使用阻滞麻醉。在穿透皮质骨进入松质骨一定深度后如遇阻力,提示钻针有可能触及骨密度较高的下颌神经管壁或下颌骨侧壁,应停止备洞,确认转孔的方向和深度。钻针如接近下颌神经管,患者会有酸痛感,此时需改变设计方案,如更换种植体的型号。
 
文献报道,种植体植入时扭力过大可能导致种植体下部骨组织受压变形,可直接压迫神经,或造成局部微循环障碍及组织水肿,引起神经组织传导功能障碍,出现麻木等并发症。而本例患者因患有糖尿病骨质较疏松,一次手术后受植区骨质密度较低,过度旋入种植体,也可导致种植体下部骨组织受压变形压迫神经。容明灯等曾报道,种植体挤压致骨折片突入下颌神经管内后患者无不适病例,且3个月后复诊影像学检查显示突入骨折片自行吸收改建。但是,若出现下颌神经管压迫变形或穿透神经管发生麻木症状时,应尽快取出种植体,以减轻局部压迫和水肿,防止神经组织发生不可逆性损伤。
 
综上所述,2型糖尿病患者种植牙应充分考虑糖尿病对手术愈合和种植体骨结合的影响,进行多指标综合评价。种植手术中下牙槽神经损伤除了直接的损伤外,还需注意骨挤压也可导致其间接损伤,注意种植体与下颌神经管位置关系应留有余量,防止下牙槽神经的损伤。
 
原始出处:

林珍香,潘在兴,林捷.2型糖尿病患者种植体挤压下颌神经管致下唇麻木1例报告[J].中国实用口腔科杂志,2019(01):59-61.

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    2020-06-30 xlysu
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    2020-06-09 huangdf
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    2020-01-09 misszhang

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