一表总结不同时期ICH的磁共振表现

2021-08-02 Dr. Wu彤 MedSci原创

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脑出血是一种严重威胁人类健康的疾病,因其高发病率、高复发率和高致残率,给患者、家庭、社区乃至国家带来了沉重的负担。与西方国家相比,我国脑出血发病率更高。与缺血性卒中比较,脑出血急性期病死率更高,有效治疗手段更加有限。脑出血发病后仅不足20%的患者能够独立生活。目前,脑出血的病理生理机制尚不清楚,治疗方法有限。

随着MRI技术的不断发展,MRI检查逐渐被广泛应用于急性脑出血的临床诊断中,其具有明确定位、定性的优势。

脑内血肿的MRI信号一般演变规律:

一般可以把脑内血肿分为超急性期、急性期、亚急性早期、亚急性中期、亚急性晚期、慢性期

(一)超急性期是指出血的即刻,漏出的血液尚未凝固实际上该期仅持续数分钟到数十分钟,临床上极少遇到。为含氧血红蛋白,对MR信号的影响轻微,超急性期尚未凝固的血液表现出血液的长T1长T2特性,因此在T1WI上表现为略低信号,在T2WI上呈现高信号,在FLAIR上也呈现高信号。

脑出血超急性期MRI表现

(二)急性期

一般为出血后2天内。在这一期红细胞的细胞膜保持完整,细胞内的氧合血红蛋白释放出氧变成脱氧血红蛋白。脱氧血红蛋白的顺磁性效应,造成局部磁场的不均匀,其外周环绕高信号水肿带。细胞内脱氧血红蛋白对T1值的影响较小,因此该期血肿在T1WI上信号变化不明显,常表现为略低信号或等信号,T2WI上表现为低信号,在FLAIR上也呈现低信号。血肿周围的水肿在MRI上表现为T1WI低信号,T2WI较高信号。

脑出血急性期MRI表现示意图与MRI影像

(三)亚急性早期

一般为出血后第3天到第7天。该期红细胞的细胞膜仍保持完整,细胞内开始出现正铁血红蛋白,因此该期也被称为正铁血红蛋白细胞内期,细胞内正铁血红蛋白的出现一般从血肿周边向中心逐渐发展。由于细胞内正铁血红蛋白具有较强的顺磁性,使血肿的T1值缩短,因此在T1WI上血肿从周边向中央逐渐出现高信号。该期血肿在T2WI上不表现为高信号,一般仍为低信号,在FLAIR上也呈现低信号。

脑出血亚急性早期MRI表现

(四)亚急性晚期

一般为出血后第7天到第14天。该期红细胞从血肿周边向中心逐渐开始溶解破裂,高铁血红蛋白分布于血肿液中。此时高铁血红蛋白仍然是那个和水亲密接触的顺磁性分子,没有一丝丝改变,所以对T1的影响不变,在T1像仍呈高信号。但是高铁血红蛋白从红细胞释放出来后,分布变得相对均匀,失去了磁场不均一性,因此局部磁敏感效应消失,T2缩短效应消失,在T2像呈现原本水肿液的信号,即高信号,在FLAIR上也呈现高信号。

亚急性晚期血肿内局部磁敏感效应消失机制示意图

脑出血亚急性晚期MRI表现

(五)慢性期

一般为出血3周仍至数月以后。血肿逐渐吸收或液化,病灶周边的巨噬细  胞内有明显的含铁血黄素沉积。因此该期血肿逐渐演变为液化灶,在T1WI上为低信号,在T2WI上为高信号;周围的含铁血黄素在T2WI上表现为低信号环,在FLAIR上也呈现低信号。

脑出血的演变是一个复杂的过程,根据患者出血量的大小,患者的年龄,局部血液供应的好坏,脑出血吸收情况及分期时间并不相同,所以临床医生需要动态评估患者的疾病过程,对于磁共振表现给予合理的解读

注:脑出血 MRI 信号变化各个分期并非有严格界限,是连续变化,此表格知识辅助学习,血液根据组织时间的演变,周围血管相通与否,都是不停演变的,需要灵活运用。

 

参考文献:

1、脑出血临床诊断思路和科研级专病病历建设,李琦,《中国医学前沿杂志(电子版)》

2、CT与 MRI检查在脑梗死并脑出血诊断中的价值研究,代媛代凤霞 李新胜,GuizhouMedicalJournal

3、脑出血各期 MRI特点及诊断,韩羽凤张子林 朱海波 ,长江大学学报

4、白人驹,张雪林. 医学影像诊断学.北京: 人民卫生出版社 (第3版).

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    2021-10-11 ms5000002099118544

    学习学习

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    2021-09-28 12c1dd61m3

    学习了

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    2021-08-04 diushouji
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    2021-08-02 ms3000001999514966

    物理信号

    0

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近10年的综合血压与5年脑出血风险增加呈正相关,可以显著改善包括单次血压指标在内的脑出血风险预测模型的风险重新分类。

【综述】靶向抑制铁死亡在脑出血后继发性脑损伤治疗中的作用研究进展

笔者系统总结了脑出血后铁死亡参与SBI-ICH的病理机制及药物靶向抑制铁死亡在减轻SBI-ICH方面的应用进展,期望为研究铁死亡在脑出血中的作用机制和相关靶向药物研发提供思路。

图文解析:脑出血影像诊断

颅内出血的演变时期是基于MR T1和T2信号特征进行大致区分;超急性期MR与CT同样敏感,亚急性和慢性期则MR更为敏感;且MR信号改变是从病灶周围到中心进展。

Neurology:脑出血患者体重指数与功能预后的关系

该研究证明了较高的BMI与死亡率的降低、功能结果的改善、90天后自我报告的健康状况的改善有关,从而支持了肥胖在脑出血患者中的矛盾作用。高BMI有益效果似不受种族/民族或性别的影响,年龄可能发挥重要作用

SVN:脑卒中前的体力活动与入院血肿量和脑内出血的临床预后有关

ICH发生前每周轻度PA≥4小时与深部和叶状部位血肿体积较小有关。

STROKE:预测脑出血的最佳基线临床严重程度量表截断值探索——INTERACT 研究

在轻度至中度 ICH 患者中,基线 NIHSS 评分≥10 分是预测 90 天不良预后的最佳指标。

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