值班遇到急性脑梗塞怎么处理

2019-10-22 文哥 医学之声

80岁的老年男性,因肝癌介入术后转入内科病房继续治疗,术后持续发热,转科前未使用抗生素,早晨突发左侧肢体不能活动。

80岁的老年男性,因肝癌介入术后转入内科病房继续治疗,术后持续发热,转科前未使用抗生素,早晨突发左侧肢体不能活动。

第一步:熟悉病史,是否既往有高血压糖尿病、高脂血症、冠心病等基础疾病;床边查看病人,快速进行神经系统查体,神志状态,清醒or嗜睡?,查看瞳孔对光反射,言语是否障碍,伸舌是否偏斜,肢体肌力、肌张力,病理征,测血压、血氧评估循环情况。

第二步:如果单侧肢体肌力明显下降,提示可能存在脑梗塞,此时需积极完善急诊头颅CT平扫以排除脑出血,最好在60min内完成头颅CT。

第三步:告病重,保持呼吸道通畅,常规低流量鼻导管吸氧或高流量面罩给氧、24h心电监护、急查床边心电图。

第四步:积极与家属沟通病情,必要时就是否气管插管、心肺复苏、电除颤等有创抢救措施、是否转ICU等进行谈话并签署家属意见,如果患者存在呛咳情况则予留置管防止吸入性肺炎,尿失禁者尽量避免留置尿管,同时也有利于监测尿量,若存在严重气道障碍可积极气管插管,气道痰多可予雾化、吸痰等处理。

第五步:为排除其他病因以及进一步判断患者病情,比如是否存在心梗心衰、二氧化碳储留、甚至肺栓塞等其他疾病可能,急抽血常规要查血常规、凝血、D二聚体、肝肾功能、电解质、心酶、心梗定量、BNP、动脉血血气分析,必要时完善腰穿检查。

第六步:头颅CT完善后,立即请神经内科急会诊,评估溶栓指征,进行专科治疗。

无论遇到什么危急重症,处理的重点在于稳定生命体征,保持气道通畅,同时积极与家属沟通病情,积极请相关专科会诊。

值班需要注意和积极处理

1.体温高:积极寻找发热原因,感染指标高如PCT、CRP、WBC、NEU%等指标高且感染灶明确者予静脉抗生素。体温>38℃,退热药如布洛芬退热,但要注意退热药使汗出增多,导致血容量不足,加重脑缺血。

2.血压:①有溶栓适应症且处于时间窗内患者的血压控制<180/100mmHg;②血压持续升高>200/110mmHg,伴严重心功能不全、主动脉夹层、高血压脑病者,在动态血压监测前提下予静脉降压药如拉贝洛尔、尼卡地平等;③发病后如果病情稳定,血压>140/90mmHg,可起病数天后启动降压治疗或恢复降压方案;④如果患者血压持续较平时低,表明容量不足,如心功能尚可需要积极补液。

3.血糖:血糖控制7.7-10mmol/L,血糖高于10mmol/L打胰岛素,血糖低于3.3mmol/L,能口服或静推10-20%葡萄糖注射液。

4.是否抗血小板:不符合溶栓指征者发病后予口服阿司匹林150-300mg/d,溶栓治疗者应在溶栓后24h口服阿司匹林,肠道出血风险高等不能耐受阿司匹林者,可予氯吡格雷。

5.补液:低血压或脑血流低灌注所致急性脑梗如分水岭梗死可补液扩容,谨慎加重脑水肿、心衰可能,特别是心衰者更需要权衡补液。

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    2019-10-25 一天没事干

    很好的学习机会

    0

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    2019-10-23 yinxm8305
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    2019-10-23 karmond