PLOS Genetics:颠覆认知,部分人服用鱼油或将增加心血管疾病风险

2021-03-29 Oranhgy MedSci原创

近日,美国佐治亚大学科学团队的新研究表明,

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近日,美国佐治亚大学科学团队的新研究表明,具有特定基因结构的人类才能够从鱼油中获得健康益处。

这项发表在PLOS Genetics上的研究,重点分析了鱼油不饱和脂肪酸Omega-3及其对甘油三酯的影响,甘油三酯是血液中脂肪的一种类型,也是血管疾病的生物标志物。

研究人员从英国生物库中收集70000名样本数据,检查了四种心血管疾病的生物标志物,高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、总胆固醇和甘油三酯。

将样本分为两组,实验组为服用鱼油补充剂的人群(约1.1万人),对照组为不服用鱼油补充剂的人群。对每组进行了全基因组扫描,测试了800万个基因变异进行比较。在运行6400多万次测试后,结果显示,在基因GJB2处有一个重要的基因变异,具有AG基因型的个体服用鱼油后,其甘油三酯降低。AA基因型的人服用鱼油的个体略微增加了他们的甘油三酯。

鱼油补充剂和血脂水平之间具有显着相互作用的基因座。

全基因组显著(P < 5×10-8)复制的基因-鱼油交互作用位点。

鱼油为鱼类体内不饱和脂肪的简称,指富含EPA(二十碳五烯酸)、DHA(二十二碳六烯酸)的鱼体内的油脂。二者均为不饱和脂肪酸,且分子结构极为接近,因此EPA极易在人体内转化为高密度脂蛋白(HDL)发挥生理功能。

普通鱼体内含EPA、DHA数量极微,只有寒冷地区深海里的鱼,如三文鱼、沙丁鱼等体内EPA、DHA含量极高,而且陆地其他动物体内几乎不含EPA、DHA。因此选用深海鱼来提练EPA及DHA。

人类主要从鱼类油脂中摄取EPADHA,其中以海产肥鱼中含量最高,某些淡水鱼中也含有一定量的EPA和DHA,其他动物性食物中含量较少。而植物性食物中不含有EPA和DHA。EPA与DHA均为Omega-3。

大量研究表明,Omega-3在大脑功能、正常的生长发育和炎症方面发挥着重要作用。缺乏脂肪酸与各种健康问题有关,包括心血管疾病、某些癌症、情绪障碍、关节炎等。这也就是为什么鱼油补充剂一直被宣传为保护心脏、缓解炎症、改善心理健康、延长寿命的原因。

但这并不意味着服用高剂量就能转化为更好的健康和疾病预防。事实上,关于鱼油是否真有益处,科学界一直有所争议。2018年11月,NEJM报道的一项研究发现,Omega-3脂肪酸补充剂对减少没有任何已知心脏病危险因素的中年男性和女性的心脏病发作、中风或心脏病死亡毫无作用。

Effects of n−3 Fatty Acid Supplements in Diabetes Mellitus. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1804989

如今,佐治亚大学科学团队的研究结果也可能对此前显示鱼油在预防心血管疾病方面无益处试验有所启发。一种可能的解释是,那些临床试验没有考虑参与者的基因型,有些参与者可能会受益,有些可能不会,所以如果把它们混在一起做分析,就看不到影响。

几十年来我们已经知道,血液中含高水平Omega-3可降低的心脏病风险。本次研究发现,鱼油的补充并不是对每个人都好,这取决于基因型。如果有特定的遗传背景,那么鱼油补充剂将有助于降低甘油三酯。但如果没有这种合适的基因型,服用鱼油补充剂实际上会增加甘油三酯。

总之,关于鱼油是否有用,我们最好的选择都是从适量为主。要知道即服用补充剂也不能替代从鱼类获得的营养。

原始出处:

Michael Francis,Changwei Li,Yitang Sun,Jingqi Zhou,Xiang Li,J. Thomas Brenna,Kaixiong Ye. Genome-wide association study of fish oil supplementation on lipid traits in 81,246 individuals reveals new gene-diet interaction loci. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009431

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    2021-11-02 huperzia
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    2021-04-30 cy0324
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    2022-01-12 canlab
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