干货收藏:10大神经科常用药物注意事项及禁忌症

2021-11-08 Dr.Apathy MedSci原创

医学生,甚至是在临床上摸爬滚打多年的非神经科医生都有这样的体会:神经科是最难的一个专业,没有之一杂。

医学生,甚至是在临床上摸爬滚打多年的非神经科医生都有这样的体会:神经科是最难的一个专业,没有之一杂。神内疾病除了大部分脑血管病,其它几乎都是疑难杂症,诊断也最困难。好多病要么就是难以确诊,要么就算是确诊了,治疗也是困难重重。

 

药物治疗是神经内科疾病治疗的“基石”。但作为神经科小白,在平时上班或值班的时候遇到需要单独用药的时候总会觉得心中没有把握。为此,梅斯小编总结了10种神经科最常用的药物使用注意事项及禁忌症,希望对大家的临床工作有所帮助。

 

1、阿司匹林

 

1)阿司匹林可能引起严重的过敏反应,包括麻疹,面部肿胀,哮喘(喘息),休克。

 

2)本产品含有非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDS),可能导致严重的胃出血

 

3)低剂量阿司匹林可诱发痛风。

 

3)以下情况应慎用或禁用:

 

a. 雷氏综合症:有水痘或类似流感症状或正在从中恢复的儿童和青少年不应使用此产品。使用本产品时,如果出现恶心和呕吐的行为变化可能是雷氏综合症的一种早期征兆,后者是一种罕见但严重的疾病。

 

b. 曾经对其它任何止痛药/发烧药产生过过敏反应或有哮喘病史。

 

c. 胃十二指肠溃疡史,包括慢性溃疡、复发性溃疡、胃肠道出血史。

 

d. 患有痛风,糖尿病或关节炎,正在服用其它NSAIDS药物(包括布洛芬或普奈生等)应咨询医生。

 

e. 除非在医生的明确指示下,否则在怀孕的最后3个月内不要使用阿司匹林。

 

2、硫酸氢氯吡格雷

 

1)与其它抗血小板药物一样, 因创伤、外科手术或其它病理状态使出血危险性增加的病人和接受阿司匹林、NSAIDS包括 Cox-2 抑制剂、肝素、血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa(GPⅡb/Ⅲa)拮抗剂治疗的病人应慎用氯吡格雷。

 

2)因可能使出血加重,不推荐氯吡格雷与华法林合用。

 

3)在需要进行择期手术的患者,应在术前 7 天停用氯吡格雷

 

4)常规服药时间的 12 小时之内漏服:患者应马上补服一次标准剂量,并按照常规服药时间服用下一次剂量;超过常规服药时间 12 小时之后漏服:患者应在下次常规服药时间服用标准剂量,无需剂量加倍。

 

5)使用选择性 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)和5-羟色胺去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SNRIs)类药物的患者慎用。

 

 

 

3、阿托伐他汀/瑞舒伐他汀:

 

1)他汀类药物会引起肌病伴CK升高,对于该类患者应立刻停药。

 

2)阿托伐他汀主要通过肝脏代谢,瑞舒伐他汀主要通过肾脏代谢,因此肝功能异常患者建议使用瑞舒伐他汀,肾功能损伤患者建议使用阿托伐他汀。

 

3)与他汀类可能产生相互作用的药物包括:

 

a.    HIV蛋白酶抑制剂(如洛匹那韦、达芦那韦、利托那韦);

 

b.    唑类抗真菌药(如伊曲康唑、酮康唑);

 

c.    大环内酯类抗感染药(如红霉素、克拉霉素、泰利霉素);

 

d.    贝特类调脂药(如吉非贝特、苯扎贝特);

 

e.    其它:烟酸、奈法唑酮、环孢素、胺碘酮、地尔硫卓、夫地西酸等。

 

4、普瑞巴林

 

1)主要经过肾脏代谢,且具有剂量依赖性,肾功能减退患者应调整用量。

 

2)功能损伤患者无需调整要药。

 

3)妊娠期、哺乳期妇女慎用。

 

4)正在服用劳拉西泮、地西泮、阿普唑仑等中枢神经系统抑制剂的患者慎用。

 

5、卡马西平:

 

 

1)已用其他抗癫痫药的患者,用量应逐渐递增,治疗4周后可能需要增加剂量,避免自身诱导所致血药浓度下降。
2)饭后服用可减少胃肠反应,漏服时应尽快补服,不可一次服双倍量,可一日内分次补足。
3)以下情况应慎用或禁用:
 
a.    已知对卡马西平和相关结构药物(如:三环类抗抑郁药)或制剂的其它成份过敏者;
 
b.    房室传导阻滞者;
 
c.    血清铁严重异常;
 
d.    有骨髓抑制史的患者;
 
e.   具有肝卟啉病病史的患者(如急性间歇性卟啉病、变异型卟啉症、迟发性皮肤卟啉症),严重肝功能不全等病史者;
 
f.   卡马西平应避免与单胺氧化酶抑制剂 (MAOIs) 合用,在服用卡马西平之前,停服MAOIs至少两周。
 
6、丙戊酸钠
 
1)应在治疗前测定肝脏功能,并在开始治疗的前6个月内定期监测。
 
2)由于服用本品后,药物在体内被转化为丙戊酸,因此在服用本品的同时不应联合服用其他含有可转化为相同化合物的活性成分的药品,以防止体内丙戊酸过量(如双丙戊酸盐、丙戊酰胺等)。
 
3)除非其它作用,否则对有生育能力的妇女不宜使用丙戊酸盐。
 
4)以下情况应慎用或禁用:
 
a. 患有肝病或肝功能不全的患者;
 
b.已知因线粒体DNA聚合酶(POLG)突变引起的线粒体疾病的患者以及两岁以下怀疑与POLG相关的疾病的儿童;
 
c. 对丙戊酸钠过敏的患者;
 
d. 已知尿素循环异常的患者。
 
7、左旋多巴
1)严重精神疾患,严重心律失常,心力衰竭,青光眼,消化道溃疡和有惊厥史者禁用。
 
2)有严重心血管, 肺, 支气管, 肾,肝及内分泌疾患者应谨慎用药。
 
3)接受MAOIs (如苯乙肼,异唑肼)使用者,需停药两周后方能使用本品。
 
4)5 岁以下儿童慎用。
 
5)过量使用本品偶见过性血钾下降,血浆醛固酮升高,血尿素氮轻度升高,血清谷丙转氧酶,乳酸脱氢酶,碱性磷酸酶与胆红质升高,多数患者停药后能自行恢复正常。
 
8、地塞米松
 
1)对本品及肾上腺皮质激素类药物有过敏史患者禁用。
 
2)高血压、血栓症、胃与十二指肠溃疡、精神病、电解质代谢异常、心肌梗塞、内脏手术、青光眼等患者一般不宜使用。特殊情况下权衡利弊使用,但应注意病情恶化的可能。
 
3)结核病、急性细菌性或病毒性感染患者慎用, 必要应用时, 必须给予适当的抗感染治疗。
 
4)长期服药后, 停药前应逐渐减量。
 
5)糖尿病、骨质疏松症、肝硬化、肾功能不良、甲状腺功能低下患者慎用。
 
9、甘露醇
 
1)除作肠道准备用, 均应静脉内给药。
 
2)甘露醇遇冷易结晶, 故应用前应仔细检查, 如有结晶,可置热水中或用力振荡待结晶完全溶解后再使用。当甘露醇浓度高于 15% 时,应使用有过滤器的输液器。
 
3)下列情况慎用:
 
a. 明显心功能不全或急性肺水肿、肺淤血;
 
b. 高钾血症或低钠血症;
 
c. 低血容量或严重失水;
 
d. 已确诊为急性肾小管坏死的无尿或严重肾功能衰竭而排泄减少患者;
 
e. 颅内活动性出血者(颅内手术时除外)。
 
10、氟桂利嗪:
 
1)个别患者在治疗过程中乏力、嗜睡等不良反应,特别是在疗程初期,所有患者在进行如驾驶或者操作危险性机器的活动时应谨慎。
 
2)医生应定期(特别是在维持治疗期间)随访,保证在出现锥体外系或抑郁症状时能及时停药。
 
3)以下人群慎用或禁用:
 
抑郁症、帕金森病、合并其它锥体外系症状或有上述病症发病倾向的老年患者。
 
好啦,以上就是神经科最常见的10大药物用药注意事项。祝大家夜班无忧,夜夜平安~

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    2021-11-08 781819

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