Cancer Cell:生物学家发现了阻止癌症的新策略

2017-09-30 白木清水 来宝网

麻省理工学院的生物学家已经发现了一种帮助脑肿瘤称为胶质母细胞瘤积极发展的基本机制。 在小鼠中阻断这种机制后,研究人员能够阻止肿瘤生长。

麻省理工学院的生物学家已经发现了一种帮助脑肿瘤称为胶质母细胞瘤积极发展的基本机制。 在小鼠中阻断这种机制后,研究人员能够阻止肿瘤生长。

研究人员还发现了一种基因标记,可以用来预测哪些病人最有可能受益于这种类型的治疗。胶质母细胞瘤通常用放射治疗和化疗药物替莫唑胺治疗,这可能延长患者的寿命,但在大多数情况下不能治愈。

“在治疗脑癌的过程中,很少有特定的或有针对性的抑制剂。麻省理工学院的生物学副教授、综合癌症研究所的一名成员、该研究的资深作者Michael Hemann说:“对新疗法和新想法的迫切需求是非常迫切的。”

在新发现的过程中阻断一种关键蛋白质的药物已经存在,至少有一种药物正在临床试验中治疗癌症。然而,大多数这些抑制剂并没有穿过血脑屏障。血脑屏障将大脑与血液循环分离,阻止大分子进入大脑。麻省理工学院的研究小组希望开发出能够跨越这一障碍的药物,可能是将它们包装成纳米颗粒。

这项研究于9月28日在癌症细胞中出现,这是Hemann实验室的合作;Jacqueline Lees,科赫研究所的副主任和维吉尼亚和路德维希教授癌症研究的教授;菲利普夏普,麻省理工学院的教授,也是科赫研究所的成员。该论文的主要作者是麻省理工学院博士后克里斯蒂安布劳恩,最近获得博士学位的Monica Stanciu,以及研究科学家Monica Stanciu。

太多的拼接

几年前,Stanciu和布劳恩提出了使用一种名为“shRNA”的屏幕来寻找胶质母细胞瘤的基因。这个测试包括使用短链RNA来阻断特定基因的表达。利用这种方法,研究人员可以关闭上千个不同的基因,一个肿瘤细胞,然后测量细胞存活的影响。

这个最热门的基因之一是一种叫做PRMT5的蛋白质的基因。当这个基因被关闭时,肿瘤细胞停止生长。之前的研究已经把高水平的PRMT5与癌症联系起来,但是这种蛋白质是一种可以作用于其他数百种蛋白质的酶,因此科学家们还不确定它是如何刺激癌细胞生长的。

在进一步的实验中,研究人员分析了当PRMT5被抑制的其他基因时,他们推测PRMT5正在使用一种特殊的基因拼接来刺激肿瘤的生长。基因拼接被要求剪断被称为内含子的信使RNA的部分,在基因被复制到信使RNA后就不需要了。

2015年,Boutz和夏普实验室的其他人发现,大约10%到15%的人类mRNA链仍然有1到3个“被拘留的内部”,尽管它们是成熟的。由于这些内子,这些mRNA分子不能离开细胞核。

“我们认为这些链基本上是一个信使rna。你有这些非生产性的等形式存在于细胞核中,唯一能让它们不被翻译的就是那一种,”布劳恩说,他现在是慕尼黑路德维希马克西米利安大学的一名物理学家。

在这项新的研究中,研究人员发现PRMT5在调节这种拼接过程中起着关键的作用。他们推测,神经干细胞利用高水平的PRMT5来保证有效的拼接,从而表达出增殖基因的表达。Lees说:“随着细胞向成熟的状态转移,PRMT5水平下降,被拘留的内部水平上升,而与核扩散相关的信使rna则被困在细胞核中。”

当脑细胞发生癌变时,PRMT5水平通常会提高,而与扩散相关的信使rna的拼接会得到改善,最终帮助细胞无法控制地生长。

预测成功

当研究人员在肿瘤细胞中阻断PRMT5时,他们发现这些细胞停止分裂,进入一个休眠的非分裂状态。PRMT5抑制剂也阻止了在老鼠皮肤下植入的胶质母细胞瘤的生长,但是由于跨越血脑屏障的困难,这些肿瘤在位于大脑的肿瘤中并没有起作用。

与许多现有的癌症治疗不同,PRMT5抑制剂似乎并没有引起严重的副作用。研究人员认为,这可能是因为成熟细胞在PRMT5功能上并不像癌细胞那样依赖于癌细胞。

在癌症中心的人类肿瘤和发病机理项目的助理成员奥马尔阿卜杜勒-瓦哈布说,这些发现揭示了为什么研究人员以前发现PRMT5是一个很有前途的癌症治疗目标。他没有参与这项研究。

“PRMT5有很多作用,到目前为止,还不清楚它对癌症的作用到底有多重要,”阿卜杜勒-瓦哈卜说。“他们发现,其中一个关键贡献在于RNA拼接机制,而且,当RNA拼接中断时,关键路径就会被禁用。”

研究人员还发现了一种生物标记,可以帮助确定最有可能从PRMT5抑制剂中获益的患者。这个标记是两种蛋白质的比率,它作为PRMT5的拼接活动的共同因子,并揭示了这些肿瘤细胞中的PRMT5是否参与了拼接或其他的细胞功能。

“当你考虑临床试验时,这一点非常重要,因为如果50%或25%的肿瘤会有一些反应,而其他的不是,你可能没有办法将它瞄准那些可能有特殊疗效的病人。”Hemann说:“由于缺乏对谁会做出反应的理解,审判的总体成功可能会受到损害。”

麻省理工学院的研究小组正在研究PRMT5在其他类型癌症中的潜在作用,包括肺肿瘤。他们还希望能识别出他们发现的拼接过程中涉及的其他基因和蛋白质,这也可以成为很好的药物靶点。

研究人员说,这个项目是由几个不同实验室的学生和博士后发起的,它为麻省理工学院和科氏研究所发现的合作精神和“科学创业精神”提供了一个很好的例子。

Lees说:“我认为这是一个典型的例子,说明麻省理工是一种自下而上的地方。”“学生和博士后们对不同的想法感到兴奋,他们坐在彼此的研讨会上,聆听有趣的东西,把他们拉到一起。”这确实是一个很好的例子,是麻省理工学院的年轻人所拥有的创造力。他们无所畏惧。”

原始出处

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    2017-09-30 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

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