肿瘤患者放化疗后口腔粘膜炎的处理

2018-09-25 张东梅 上海药讯

肿瘤化疗和放疗过程中都可能对快速增长的黏膜上皮细胞造成损伤,引发口腔黏膜炎和胃肠道黏膜炎。放化疗后口腔黏膜炎是指由于放射线电离辐射损伤或者化疗药物的应用引起免疫力下降,口腔内菌群失调,导致口腔软组织发生炎症病变,是肿瘤患者接受化疗过程中较常见,最痛苦的毒副作用之一。粘膜炎一般具有自愈性,一旦组织不受损伤,就开始愈合。黏膜损伤会在几天内自然地消失,一般在化疗后10~14天内完全愈合。


上海市第六人民医院药剂科  张东梅

肿瘤化疗和放疗过程中都可能对快速增长的黏膜上皮细胞造成损伤,引发口腔黏膜炎和肠道黏膜炎。放化疗后口腔黏膜炎是指由于放射线电离辐射损伤或者化疗药物的应用引起免疫力下降,口腔内菌群失调,导致口腔软组织发生炎症病变,是肿瘤患者接受化疗过程中较常见,最痛苦的毒副作用之一。粘膜炎一般具有自愈性,一旦组织不受损伤,就开始愈合。黏膜损伤会在几天内自然地消失,一般在化疗后10~14天内完全愈合。

口腔黏膜炎的分级

世界卫生组织(WHO)将口腔粘膜炎分为0?IV级:

0级:口腔黏膜无异常;

I级:溃疡<1 cm 1~2个,红斑疼痛;

II级:1个>1 cm的溃疡和数个小溃疡,能进食;

III级:2个>1 cm的溃疡和数个小溃疡,能进食流质饮食;

IV级:2个>1 cm的溃疡或/和融合溃疡,不能进食。

口腔黏膜炎的一般预防

1、每日用软毛刷、温性牙膏清洁口腔,选择合适的漱口液;

2、放化疗开始前,请牙科医生会诊检查口腔,清洗牙斑和牙垢,治疗龋齿,修复破损牙齿或义齿;

3、饮食上,避免进食粗糙、坚硬、辛辣、过热或过冷的食物。

口腔黏膜炎的治疗:看看MASCC/ISOO肿瘤治疗继发黏膜炎管理临床实践指南怎么说?

一般情况

1. 使用口腔护理方案预防口腔黏膜炎是有益的。

2. 帕利夫明是唯一经过美国FDA和欧洲药物管理局批准的对口腔黏膜炎有效的药物。接受大剂量化疗患者和自体干细胞移植治疗后全身照射血液恶性肿瘤患者使用该药预防口腔黏膜炎。

3. 苄达明漱口来预防头颈部肿瘤患者常规放疗口腔黏膜炎。

4. 使用吗啡、芬太尼透皮贴剂、吗啡漱口水、多虑平漱口处理在特定治疗情况下的口腔黏膜炎的疼痛。

5. 反对全身使用毛果芸香碱预防口腔黏膜炎,尤其是在头颈部肿瘤放疗患者和不管有没有接受全身照射的造血干细胞移植前大剂量化疗患者中预防口腔黏膜炎。

强烈推荐

1. 静脉推注氟尿嘧啶化疗患者使用30min口腔冷冻疗法预防口腔黏膜炎(Ⅱ)

2. 接受大剂量化疗和全身照射、随后自体干细胞移植的恶性血液肿瘤患者使用重组人角化细胞生长因子(KGF-1/帕利夫明,预处理前1、2、3d,每天60ug/kg)预防口腔黏膜炎(Ⅱ)。

3. 接受大剂量化疗的造血干细胞移植患者使用低水平激光疗法预防发生口腔黏膜炎(Ⅱ)。

4. 因为造血干细胞移植发生疼痛的患者使用吗啡控制疼痛(Ⅱ)。

5. 无同步化疗、接受中等剂量放疗(最多50Gy)的头颈部肿瘤患者使用苄达明漱口预防口腔黏膜炎(Ⅰ)

弱推荐

1. 所有年龄组和所有癌症治疗模式中使用口腔护理方案预防口腔黏膜炎(Ⅲ)

2. 无论是否接受全身照射,大剂量美法仑化疗后造血干细胞移植的患者使用口腔冷冻疗法预防口腔黏膜炎(Ⅲ)

3. 经历放疗、没有同步化疗的头颈部肿瘤患者使用低水平激光疗法预防口腔黏膜炎(Ⅲ)

4. 无论有没有全身照射,接受常规或大剂量化疗发生口腔黏膜炎导致疼痛患者使用芬太尼透皮贴剂治疗疼痛(Ⅲ)

5. 头颈部肿瘤放化疗患者使用2%的吗啡漱口水治疗口腔炎导致疼痛可能是有效的(Ⅲ);0.5%多塞平漱口水治疗口腔黏膜炎疼痛可能是有效(Ⅳ)

6. 接受放疗或放化疗的口腔癌患者口服全身锌补充剂可能对于预防口腔炎有获益(Ⅲ)。

强烈反对

1. 反对接受放疗的头颈部癌症患者使用PTA抗菌含片(多粘菌素、妥布霉素、两性霉素B)、BCoG(杆菌肽、克霉唑、庆大霉素)抗菌含片和PTA糊剂预防口腔黏膜炎(Ⅱ);

2. 反对使用iseganan(囊性纤维化新药,抗菌多肽)抗菌漱口水预防口腔黏膜炎(Ⅱ);

3. 反对使用硫糖铝漱口水预防和治疗口腔黏膜炎;

4. 无论是否全身照射,反对接受大剂量化疗后造血干细胞移植的患者使用静脉注射液谷氨酰胺预防口腔黏膜炎(Ⅲ)。

弱反对

1. 反对接受头颈部肿瘤放疗患者使用洗必泰漱口预防口腔黏膜炎(Ⅲ);

2. 反对接受大剂量化疗后自体或同种异体干细胞移植患者使用粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落生长因子漱口预防口腔黏膜炎(Ⅱ);

3. 反对接受放疗的头颈部肿瘤患者使用米索前列醇漱口预防口腔黏膜炎(Ⅲ)

4. 反对接受骨髓移植患者全身口服己酮可可碱预防口腔黏膜炎(Ⅲ);

5. 反对接受放疗的头颈部肿瘤患者(Ⅲ)或不管是否全身照射的、接受大剂量化疗后干细胞移植的患者(Ⅱ)全身口服毛果芸香碱预防口腔黏膜炎。

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    2019-08-26 guoyibin
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    2018-09-27 yzh399
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    2018-09-26 div

    学习 涨姿势

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    2018-09-26 tw007007

    学习了,里面有许多临床的误区

    0

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