全球新冠病毒突变频现,美国俄亥俄州现两种新变异株

2021-01-14 DAVIN ZHAO MedSci原创

导语:新冠病毒变异频现,防疫挑战加剧,亟待加强病毒监测。

CNBC

1月13日,美国俄亥俄州的研究人员发现了两种新的新冠病毒变种,它们可能起源于美国。并警示全球各地均可能已发生类似变异。

据俄亥俄州立大学发布的新闻稿称,俄亥俄州立大学大学所属的韦克斯纳医学中心和医学院的科学家发现了SARS-Cov-2的两种新变种,一种新变体携带与英国毒株相同的突变,但很可能是由美国已经存在的病毒株引起的。另一种美国毒株的进化过程,“哥伦布毒株”具有以前未见的其他三个基因突变的。研究者认为,在12月下旬和1月初的三周时间内,“哥伦布毒株”很快成为俄亥俄州哥伦布地区的主要毒株。研究者指出,“哥伦布变种”COH.20G / 501Y的发现表明,过去几个月以来,突变可能也在世界多个地区独立发生。在过去几周,英国B.1.1.7与南非501v.2两种新毒株更具传染性,已在几个国家迅速传播。

该研究的主要作者俄亥俄州州立大学分子病理学部副主任丹·琼斯博士( Dr. Dan Jones)在声明中说,这种新的哥伦布毒株与此前他们研究的早期病例具有相同的遗传主链,但是这三个突变具有显著的进化。这种变异并非来自该病毒的英国或南非分支。他补充说,他已经将研究小组的发现发送给了俄亥俄州卫生署,但尚未将结果发给CDC。

美国著名生物信息学家Trevor Bedford指出这些变异仅在一名患者中发现,并非代表哥伦布地区人群的主导毒株。这三个突变的为Spike蛋白上的677H,M为85S,N为377Y。M和N上的突变基因都不是他所关注的,677H突变在美国相当普遍,所以他并不太担心。

美国新冠病毒基因组流行进化情况,https://nextstrain.org/ncov/north-america?c=gt-S_677&f_country=USA

琼斯说:“病毒会随着时间的推移自然发生变异和进化,但是最近两个月的变化比大流行的最初几个月更加明显。” 他的团队一直在对环境和患者SARS-CoV2样本进行俄亥俄州立大学的基因测序,并且他将继续监测接种疫苗时的变化。俄亥俄州立大学的研究人员尚未发表完整的研究结果,但表示即将提交“biorxiv”进行未经同行评审。美国疾病控制与预防中心发言人杰森·麦克唐纳(Jason McDonald)在给CNBC的一份声明中说,该机构正在研究这项新研究。

俄亥俄州立韦克斯纳医学中心自2020年3月以来一直在对COVID-19患者的SARS-Cov-2病毒基因组进行测序,以监测该病毒的进化。 这种新的变异体是在俄亥俄州的一名患者中发现的,因此研究人员还不知道该毒株在人群中的流行程度。研究人员说,就像在英国首次发现的毒株一样,美国的突变似乎使Covid-19更具传染性,但似乎不会降低疫苗的有效性。

琼斯说:“我们现在正处于病毒发生相当大变化的时期。” “这是当下,因为我们开始看到变化,正在那里进行疫苗接种,并且该病毒已经存在于人类人群中几个月了,我们确实希望非常仔细地寻找不仅仅出现的原因。单个突变,但具有多个突变的新毒株。” 琼斯补充说,现在确定哥伦布病毒株的传染性还为时过早,但研究人员认为,仅根据过去几周的传播速度,这种病毒就更具传染性。

SARS-CoV-2基因组变异与COVID-19死亡率相关,Toyoshima, Y., Nemoto, K., Matsumoto, S. et al. SARS-CoV-2 genomic variations associated with mortality rate of COVID-19. J Hum Genet 65, 1075–1082 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s10038-020-0808-9

俄亥俄州卫生部首席医学官布鲁斯·范德霍夫博士在周三给CNBC的一份声明中说,该部门对在该州发现了一种新病毒株“并不感到惊讶”。他说:“这种新毒株的到来总是令人担忧,因为更具传染性的毒株可能导致更多的人生病,更多的人住院,并最终导致更多的人死亡。” “无论遇到何种新冠病毒毒株,人们都可以通过始终戴着口罩,保持至少6英尺的距离,避免人群,通风室内空间和经常洗手来继续保护自己。”

俄亥俄州立韦克斯纳医学中心首席科学官,即将进行的这项研究的合著者彼得·莫勒说,没有数据表明这两种新毒株都将影响疫苗的有效性。他在声明中说:“重要的是,在获得更多数据之前,我们不要对这个新变种反应过度”。 “我们需要了解突变对病毒传播的影响,该毒株在人群中的流行以及它是否对人类健康有更重要的影响。”

莫勒还说,新毒株的发现证明了该实验室为加强基因测序而做出的努力,因为该病毒在最近几个月中以更快的速度突变。希望在未来几周内发布数据,并且他们正在探索Covid-19分子检测是否能够准确诊断出新的变异体。

白宫新冠病毒特别工作组在本月初警告各州,可能正在传播“美国变种”。 《纽约时报》报道的这一假设是由工作队协调员德博拉·伯克斯(Deborah Birx)博士提出的,其依据是最近几个月美国疫情的严重程度,此前该特别工作组发布一份报告指出,除了英国的新冠病毒变种外,在美国还可能存在一种新变种正在推动传播,其传染性可能高出50%。美国疾病预防控制中心上周在一份声明中表示,它尚未在美国检测到与已经发现的毒株无关的新变种。

乔治敦全球健康科学与安全中心的病毒学家安吉拉·拉斯穆森(Angela Rasmussen)博士说,如果不查看数据就很难评估发现的意义。

研究人员警告说,随着该病毒在世界范围内的广泛传播,它有更多的变异机会,有可能变得更具传染性,或者使治疗和疫苗的效力降低。在英国和南非发现新毒株后,美国CDC加大了追踪美国病毒遗传序列的力度。

美国CDC高级分子检测办公室主任格雷格·阿姆斯特朗博士上个月表示,该机构正在与全国各地的学术中心签约合作,以对样品进行测序并在当地寻找新的变体。 这些中心位于波士顿,纽黑文,康涅狄格州,雅典,乔治亚州,纳什维尔,田纳西州,麦迪逊,威斯康星州和圣地亚哥的斯克里普斯学院。美国许多学术中心都具备对病毒样本进行测序的能力和专业知识,并且正在加紧努力监测变异情况。

美国疫情近况,@COVID19Tracking

变异毒株与病例在全球范围内不断被发现,从2020年12月14日至今,全球至少已出现7种变异新冠病毒,分别是英国2种、南非1种、尼日利亚1种、日本及巴西1种和美国2种。世界卫生组织在1月12日召集全球科学家举行了在线会议,来自124个国家的1750多位专家参加了会议。 科学家们表示,各国应加紧努力,以快速识别和研究新出现的新冠病毒变异毒株。

世卫组织表示,病毒变异是正常的,但是新冠病毒传播范围越广,它发生变异的机率就越大。新冠病毒的高度传播意味着更多变异毒株预计将出现。到目前为止,在已报告的主要变异中,有一些与病毒传播能力的提高有关,但与疾病的严重程度无关。国际社会正在进行研究以解决这些变异是否会影响公共卫生工具和措施。

世卫组织指出,在英国、南非和日本发现了新冠病毒的新变种,它们似乎更易传播,但没有证据表明它们更致命,也没有证据表明已获批投入紧急使用的疫苗不会对它们产生同样的效果。

SARS_COV_2的Spike序列突变分析,Spike为三聚体,如下图所示ABC三条相同链组成,分别为用蓝色,黄色,绿色显示。此外,Spike蛋白与其受体人ACE2结合片段为residues: 336-516,3条链均有此片段,统一用青色显示。,https://bigd.big.ac.cn/ncov/protein

根据中国国家基因数据中心数据显示,基于已公开的高质量病毒株序列,在S蛋白共有3181个位点发生突变,其中引起氨基酸变化的突变共1862个,位于蛋白受体结合区(RBD)的氨基酸238个,其中在已报导蛋白互作中关键的17个氨基酸中发生非同义突变的氨基酸24个。

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1985922, encodeId=18b2198592209, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85be581432f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新变异#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58143, encryptionId=85be581432f, topicName=新变异)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=09a12500213, createdName=12498f1em08(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu Sep 09 12:11:56 CST 2021, time=2021-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1342766, encodeId=78661342e66c5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=34cb381023e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#变异#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38102, encryptionId=34cb381023e, topicName=变异)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=78c32500188, createdName=12498dabm77暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Jan 16 01:11:56 CST 2021, time=2021-01-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=916580, encodeId=8a2291658046, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9f8310413e2d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新冠病毒突变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=104137, encryptionId=9f8310413e2d, topicName=新冠病毒突变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59321624668, createdName=zb1235672, createdTime=Thu Jan 14 17:20:43 CST 2021, time=2021-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=916525, encodeId=380291652586, content=随时都在变 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=5, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e43e5450440, createdName=W迪迪, createdTime=Thu Jan 14 15:13:00 CST 2021, time=2021-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1028998, encodeId=f87c1028998e5, content=新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=公卫新人, createdTime=Thu Jan 14 13:11:56 CST 2021, time=2021-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=916480, encodeId=5b0291648019, content=可怕, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211019/df01a4bfb64246379ddfef3370d04115/e1274c8eb5e440918f56f83bcfea9031.jpg, createdBy=3a345397082, createdName=Jessica, createdTime=Thu Jan 14 11:37:24 CST 2021, time=2021-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=916448, encodeId=0c96916448f1, content=国内也需要密切监控, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200529/3611e9bb629c4e5b81fbd8ce784b06cc/128487eae357460bb98f67d86230c218.jpg, createdBy=ab235268530, createdName=神盾医疗局局长Jack, createdTime=Thu Jan 14 10:16:33 CST 2021, time=2021-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1985922, encodeId=18b2198592209, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85be581432f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新变异#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58143, encryptionId=85be581432f, topicName=新变异)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=09a12500213, createdName=12498f1em08(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu Sep 09 12:11:56 CST 2021, time=2021-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1342766, encodeId=78661342e66c5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=34cb381023e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#变异#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38102, encryptionId=34cb381023e, topicName=变异)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=78c32500188, createdName=12498dabm77暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Jan 16 01:11:56 CST 2021, time=2021-01-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=916580, encodeId=8a2291658046, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9f8310413e2d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新冠病毒突变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=104137, encryptionId=9f8310413e2d, topicName=新冠病毒突变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59321624668, createdName=zb1235672, createdTime=Thu Jan 14 17:20:43 CST 2021, time=2021-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=916525, encodeId=380291652586, content=随时都在变 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=5, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e43e5450440, createdName=W迪迪, createdTime=Thu Jan 14 15:13:00 CST 2021, time=2021-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1028998, encodeId=f87c1028998e5, content=新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=公卫新人, createdTime=Thu Jan 14 13:11:56 CST 2021, time=2021-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=916480, encodeId=5b0291648019, content=可怕, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211019/df01a4bfb64246379ddfef3370d04115/e1274c8eb5e440918f56f83bcfea9031.jpg, createdBy=3a345397082, createdName=Jessica, createdTime=Thu Jan 14 11:37:24 CST 2021, time=2021-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=916448, encodeId=0c96916448f1, content=国内也需要密切监控, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200529/3611e9bb629c4e5b81fbd8ce784b06cc/128487eae357460bb98f67d86230c218.jpg, createdBy=ab235268530, createdName=神盾医疗局局长Jack, createdTime=Thu Jan 14 10:16:33 CST 2021, time=2021-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-14 W迪迪

    随时都在变

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1985922, encodeId=18b2198592209, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85be581432f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新变异#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58143, encryptionId=85be581432f, topicName=新变异)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=09a12500213, createdName=12498f1em08(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu Sep 09 12:11:56 CST 2021, time=2021-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1342766, encodeId=78661342e66c5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=34cb381023e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#变异#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38102, encryptionId=34cb381023e, topicName=变异)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=78c32500188, createdName=12498dabm77暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Jan 16 01:11:56 CST 2021, time=2021-01-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=916580, encodeId=8a2291658046, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9f8310413e2d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新冠病毒突变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=104137, encryptionId=9f8310413e2d, topicName=新冠病毒突变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59321624668, createdName=zb1235672, createdTime=Thu Jan 14 17:20:43 CST 2021, time=2021-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=916525, encodeId=380291652586, content=随时都在变 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=5, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e43e5450440, createdName=W迪迪, createdTime=Thu Jan 14 15:13:00 CST 2021, time=2021-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1028998, encodeId=f87c1028998e5, content=新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=公卫新人, createdTime=Thu Jan 14 13:11:56 CST 2021, time=2021-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=916480, encodeId=5b0291648019, content=可怕, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211019/df01a4bfb64246379ddfef3370d04115/e1274c8eb5e440918f56f83bcfea9031.jpg, createdBy=3a345397082, createdName=Jessica, createdTime=Thu Jan 14 11:37:24 CST 2021, time=2021-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=916448, encodeId=0c96916448f1, content=国内也需要密切监控, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200529/3611e9bb629c4e5b81fbd8ce784b06cc/128487eae357460bb98f67d86230c218.jpg, createdBy=ab235268530, createdName=神盾医疗局局长Jack, createdTime=Thu Jan 14 10:16:33 CST 2021, time=2021-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-14 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

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    2021-01-14 Jessica

    可怕

    0

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    2021-01-14 神盾医疗局局长Jack

    国内也需要密切监控

    0

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