JAHA|中国学者全新发现:血压水平与糖尿病的患病风险有关!

2020-08-13 前线君 临床前线

糖尿病将导致多种并发症,其中包括心血管疾病、肾功能障碍、截肢和视力问题等。因此,糖尿病的一级预防对减轻糖尿病人口负担及其并发症的发生至关重要。

根据国际糖尿病联合会的数据,2015年全球成人糖尿病患病率约为8.8%,预计到2040年将上升至10.4%[1]。糖尿病将导致多种并发症,其中包括心血管疾病、肾功能障碍、截肢和视力问题等。因此,糖尿病的一级预防对减轻糖尿病人口负担及其并发症的发生至关重要。

 

高血压是心血管疾病、外周动脉疾病和肾脏疾病公认的主要可改变危险因素[2]。虽然高血压在2型糖尿病患者中非常常见,然而高血压在糖尿病发展过程中的作用尚不明确。因此,对高血压患者来说,预防未来疾病风险的最佳收缩压和舒张压目标仍不确定。

01

Diabetes Care:探讨非裔美国人和白人的血压与糖尿病患病风险的关联

 

2011年,曾有学者在Diabetes Care发表了相关研究,使用ARIC、CARDIA、framingham heart study三个数据库的受试者信息,探讨了非裔美国人和白人的血压与糖尿病患病风险的关联[3]。

 

图1: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1786

 

在这篇研究中,高血压患者中有14.6%的非洲裔美国人和7.9%的白人,后继患有糖尿病。在非洲裔美国人中,高血压个体中较高的糖尿病发生率可以通过BMI指数、空腹血糖、甘油三酸酯和HDL胆固醇的水平来解释。然而,在白人高血压患者中,更高的血压与更高的糖尿病风险相关,超出了其他风险因素所解释的范围。不论血压高低,非洲裔美国人患糖尿病的风险均高于白人(图2)。

 

图2: 各人种高血压与糖尿病的患病风险相关

 

报道显示,白人的基线高血压甚至高血压前期的受试者比正常血压的受试者患糖尿病的风险更高。然而,2018年在日本进行的一项小型医院研究中,报告了不同治疗方式,对高血压患者发生糖尿病风险的影响,这篇研究得出了与之不同的研究结果。

02

Hypertens Res:Saku研究——是否存在高血压治疗与发展为2型糖尿病之间的风险研究

 

这项2018年11月发表在Hypertens Res.的研究,纳入3508名30岁-74岁无糖尿病的日本高血压患者。接受降压治疗的参与者分为高血压控制组(<140/90 mmHg)或非高血压控制组(140/90 mmHg或更高)。未接受降压治疗的参与者,根据日本高血压学会的定义进行分类:最佳血压(小于120/80 mmHg),正常血压(120–129 / 80–84 mmHg),高血压前期(130–139) / 85-89 mmHg),I级高血压(140-159 / 90-99 mmHg)和II / III级高血压(160/100 mmHg或更高)[4]。

 

图3: Doi: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000539203.40236.f7

 

在随访期间,共有295名参与者患了2型糖尿病。与具有最佳血压的患者相比,未接受降压治疗的患者(血压在130/85 mmHg或更高的个体)以及接受降压治疗然而血压不受控的患者(血压在140/90 mmHg或更高的个体)患2型糖尿病的风险更大。

03

JAHA:中国学者探讨血压水平与糖尿病之间的风险关联

 

上述两项研究表明,虽然在不同的血压水平与糖尿病风险相关上存在歧义,但值得肯定的是,高血压患者血压越高,其糖尿病的患病风险也就越高。

 

2020年8月5日,来自南方医科大学南方医院的研究团队发表的一项基于中国卒中一级预防试验(CSPPT)的研究,纳入14978名基线无糖尿病的高血压成人。结果显示,在无糖尿病的高血压患者中,与收缩压为130~140 mmHg时相比,收缩压控制在120~130 mmHg的患者新发糖尿病的风险可明显降低[5]。该研究是首个在高血压患者中评估血压控制程度和新发糖尿病风险的大规模研究。因此,该研究结果支持高血压患者采取严格的收缩压降压目标来预防糖尿病。

 

图4: DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.120.017015

 

1

研究对象及方法

 

研究流程图(如图5)所示,最终分析中包括了14978名基线无糖尿病的参与者。研究参与者的基线特征按治疗时间和收缩压(SBP)控制水平分类(SBP <120、大于120 小于130、大于130 小于140以及大于等于140mmHg)。治疗时间平均较长的参与者年龄较大,BMI、总胆固醇、空腹血糖和叶酸水平较低,在基线时,更有可能吸烟和饮酒。此外,治疗时间平均较长的参与者在治疗期间使用CCB或利尿剂的频率较高。与未发生糖尿病的患者相比,在治疗期间服用CCB或利尿剂的患者的患糖尿病比例更高。

图5: 研究流程图

 

2

研究结果

 

随访期间,10.9%的患者新诊断糖尿病,平均SBP与糖尿病风险的关系见图6。

图6: 平均SBP与糖尿病风险的关联

 

多因素分析显示,在该研究平均4.5年随访期间,与收缩压平均控制在120~130 mmHg的高血压患者相比,收缩压平均控制在130~140 mmHg者新发糖尿病的风险增加37%。收缩压平均≥140 mmHg的患者新发糖尿病风险则增加了67%。与血压控制在130/80 mmHg以下的患者相比,血压控制在130~140/80~90 mmHg的患者中新发糖尿病风险增加了24%,空腹血糖恢复正常(<100 mg/dl)的风险降低了29%(见表1)。

 

表1: 治疗期间血压与糖尿病的关系

 

在进一步校正治疗期间联用的β受体阻滞剂、降脂药物、抗血小板药物、试验药物(依那普利或依那普利+叶酸)的治疗依从性、随访期间体重指数变化、平均体重指数、治疗期间血压变异性后,上述结果并未发生明显变化(如图7)。

 

图7: 不同亚组,血压水平与糖尿病患病风险相关

 

3

研究意义及局限性

 

在以往的前瞻性研究中,在探讨血压控制水平与糖尿病发病风险的关系时,由于样本量相对较小和方法上的局限性,使其在血压控制水平上得出了不同的结论。而这项发表在JAHA上的文章是目前最大规模的研究,因此作者认为,该研究结果有助于了解与未来代谢性疾病风险相关的最佳血压控制目标。如经进一步证实,该研究结果将对临床实践和指南制定均有重要的启示意义。

 

然而,作者也提出了该研究的局限性,首先,虽然本研究调整了回归模型中广泛的协变量数组,但它不能从未测量的因素中排除残差混淆。其次,本研究的受试者是CSPPT的参与者。在CSPPT中,有严格的纳入和排除标准。因此,目前研究的结果可能受到选择偏差的影响。此外,这项研究是在没有基线糖尿病的中国高血压人群中进行的。需要谨慎地推广到具有不同特征的其他种群。

 

血压控制对于心血管疾病(CVD)的防治至关重要。目前,不同指南有关糖尿病合并高血压患者的降压目标推荐不尽相同。而对于高血压患者来说,无论基线血压值多高,将血压控制至<130/80 mm Hg,对此类患者是最有益的,可预防包括糖尿病在内的多种疾病。

 

参考资料

1. Ogurtsova, K., et al., IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2017. 128: p. 40-50.

2. Petrie, J.R., T.J. Guzik, and R.M. Touyz, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Insights and Vascular Mechanisms. Can J Cardiol, 2018. 34(5): p. 575-584.

3. Wei, G.S., et al., Blood pressure and the risk of developing diabetes in african americans and whites: ARIC, CARDIA, and the framingham heart study. Diabetes Care, 2011. 34(4): p. 873-9.

4. Tatsumi, Y., et al., Risk of developing type 2 diabetes according to blood pressure levels and presence or absence of hypertensive treatment: the Saku study. Hypertens Res, 2019. 42(1): p. 105-113.

5. Zhang, Y., et al., Degree of Blood Pressure Control and Incident Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Adults With Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc, 2020: p. e017015.

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    2020-08-16 ms1000000223698072

    不同亚组校正使用药物后的的那个统计方法是什么?

    0

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    2020-08-15 zhaohui6731
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    2020-08-13 misszhang

    谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯

    0

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