Science:CD20单克隆抗体治疗B细胞恶性肿瘤的奥秘

2020-08-18 sherry 大医编

2020年8月14日,《Science》上发表了一篇论文,揭示了CD20治疗性抗体的差异结合机制。

CD20是B淋巴细胞发育过程中表达的一种完整的膜蛋白,参与B细胞受体相关的细胞内钙信号传导。B细胞恶性肿瘤上也表达CD20,因此,CD20成为肿瘤免疫治疗中治疗性抗体的靶点。目前,治疗性CD20单克隆抗体分为I型和II型。I型比II型更有效地募集补体,诱导强烈补体依赖的细胞毒性(CDC)。I型和某些B细胞的结合量是II型的两倍。

临床上治疗非霍奇金淋巴瘤和某些自身免疫性疾病的利妥昔单抗(RTX)就是一种I型CD20单克隆抗体。另外,I型CD20单克隆抗体atumumab(OFA)和II型CD20单克隆抗体obinutuzumab(OBZ)已用于治疗慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)。这种肿瘤免疫疗法临床使用已二十多年,但其机制仍不够清晰。2020年8月14日,《Science》上发表了一篇论文,揭示了CD20治疗性抗体的差异结合机制。

DOI: 10.1126/science.abb8008

这项研究证明了CD20寡聚状态对于单克隆抗体结合机制很重要,二聚体是CD20天然的寡聚状态:CD20-Fab OFA的结构表明CD20二聚体通过广泛亚基间接触而稳定,而这些亚基间的保守接触既没有广泛的Fab-Fab同型相互作用,又没有单个Fab分子与两个CD20亚基的结合。这项研究中还发现:胆固醇样脂质以双层样排列结合到亚基间界面的外半部和内半部,表明细胞胆固醇可进一步稳定CD20二聚体。

I型CD20单克隆抗体(IgG I)和II型(IgG II)之间的关键机理差异在于,与CD20结合后,IgG II形成1:2(IgG II:CD20)“末端”复合物,从而阻止了其他IgG II的结合。IgG I形成1:2或2:1(IgG I:CD20)“种子”复合物,使IgG或CD20分子随后串联在一起。结合至CD20 的IgG I分子的串联将局部增加Fc结构域的浓度并促进其寡聚化以招募C1q。IgG II末端复合物(无法连接其他分子)将需要更高的抗原密度来进行Fc寡聚,这解释了IgG I和IgG II补体募集能力的差异为何强烈取决于CD20表达水平。

为什么OFA能比RTX更有效地激活补体呢?因为两者都能形成种子复合物。与Fab RTX相比,Fab OFA的结合角更尖锐,这表明IgG OFA种子复合物的串联使它们的Fc结构域更接近,从而进一步促进其寡聚化。研究人员建立了对称的六聚CD20-FAB RTX和六聚CD20-FABOFA模型,根据这个模型推测表明与Fab RTX相比,Fab OFA分子与CD20结合更靠近相应的Fc结构域约15Å,因此能更紧密地进行低聚。IgG结合化学计量是mAb募集补体能力的关键决定因素,但种子复合物中结合CD20的Fab分子角度和柔韧性也对其起作用。

总结来说,与CD20结合后,II型单克隆抗体形成末端复合物,无法招募额外的单克隆抗体和补体成分,而I型种子复合物能以增加单克隆抗体局部浓度来有效地激活补体。在I型单克隆抗体中,ofatumumab复合物显示出最佳的几何形状来补充补体。这项研究揭示的分子机制有助于合理设计新一代mAb和生物仿制药分子,微调不同B细胞恶性肿瘤和自身免疫性疾病的治疗方法,更好的控制治疗效果。

上图为I型和II型CD20单克隆抗体与CD20结合机制和CD20-IgG六聚体模型

原始出处:Kumar A, Planchais C, Fronzes R, et al. Binding mechanisms of therapeutic antibodies to human CD20. Science. 2020;369(6505):793-799. 

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    2020-12-30 aids221
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    2020-11-11 aliceclz
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    2020-08-19 jichang
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    2020-08-19 ms5000000741733160

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