新冠病毒核酸与抗体检测临床应用及结果解读

2020-04-08 武汉市第四医院 段唐海 检验医学网

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)是由新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2或2019-nCoV)感染引起的主要经呼吸道传播的急性病毒性疾病。

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)是由新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2或2019-nCoV)感染引起的主要经呼吸道传播的急性病毒性疾病。截至美国东部时间4月2日下午4时,全球新冠肺炎发病数超过百万,达到了1002159例。死亡病例超过5万,达到51485例。对全球公共卫生安全构成了巨大威胁。尽早进行检测,不仅可以使感染者获得及时治疗,降低死亡风险,还能有效控制传染源,通过隔离切断传播途径。

目前,临床上针对新型冠状病毒的实验室检测主要是SARS-CoV-2病毒核酸和血清特异性抗体检测。

病毒核酸检测具有早期诊断、灵敏度和特异性高等特点,使用最广泛的是实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术。一般检测位于病毒ORF1ab和N基因上的两个靶标,同一份标本需满足双靶标阳性或重复检测为单靶标阳性或两种标本同时满足单靶标才能确认SARS-CoV-2病毒核酸阳性。

新型冠状病毒肺炎发病3~5天后,血清特异性抗体逐渐产生,首先出现的是免疫球蛋白IgM抗体,然后出现IgG抗体。因此,IgM抗体增高提示近期急性感染,IgG抗体增高提示既往感染。

血清学检测最大的优势在于采样方便、操作简便、结果容易判读,被写进了《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第七版)》。如果疑似病例血清特异性IgM和IgG抗体阳性,IgG抗体由阴性转为阳性或恢复期较急性期有4倍及以上升高,则可以诊断其感染了新冠病毒。常用的检测方法有胶体金法、酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)、化学发光法等。

新冠病毒核酸检测是临床诊断的“金标准”, 患者鼻咽拭子、痰、纤维支气管镜灌洗液、血液、肛门拭子、粪便等标本核酸检测阳性,说明其感染了新冠病毒,而且具有传染性。但由于采样不当、标本保存不当、采用不同类型的标本以及使用不同厂家试剂都可能造成核酸检测结果“假阴性”而出现漏诊。

当核酸检测阴性时,将IgM和IgG抗体检测增加进去,可以弥补核酸检测容易造成漏诊的缺点。然而,抗体检测可能会因为标本中存在干扰物质(如类风湿因子、嗜异性抗体、补体、溶菌酶等)、标本溶血、标本被细菌污染、标本凝固不全残留有纤维蛋白原等因素影响而出现“假阳性”结果。同时,由于血清学方法存在一定的窗口期以及检测试剂盒灵敏度不同也会出现“假阴性”结果。因此,检测抗体时建议多次检测并观察动态效价予以确认。

血清特异性抗体阳性并不能说明患者没有传染性,体内还可能有少量病毒复制。因此,抗体的出现不能作为出院的标准。抗体在疾病痊愈后可以维持很长时间,因此,抗体检测主要用于回顾性诊断以及对核酸检测结果存疑时的辅助诊断,不能用于新冠肺炎的确诊和排除,不适用于一般人群的筛查。但是,在疾病流行过后,对一定区域内的所有密切接触者进行抗体的检测,可以进行流行病学调查,对今后疾病的防控有很重要的意义。新型冠状病毒核酸与抗体检测结果解读见下表。

新型冠状病毒核酸与抗体检测结果解读

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    2020-04-10 marongnuan
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    2020-04-08 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

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