终末期肾病患者如何选择透析方式?

2018-06-24 俞雨生 南京大学医学院 俞雨生

近十多年来,无论是血液透析还是腹膜透析均在自身技术上有了突飞猛进的发展。随着研究的深入,越来越多的观察发现两种透析模式在是不同类型的终末期肾功能衰竭(ESRD)患者中疗效相差甚远。

近十多年来,无论是血液透析还是腹膜透析均在自身技术上有了突飞猛进的发展。随着研究的深入,越来越多的观察发现两种透析模式在是不同类型的终末期肾功能衰竭(ESRD)患者中疗效相差甚远。

对于残余较多尿量的ESRD患者,腹膜透析(PD)不仅能充分发挥其透析效能,而且病人的生存质量以及存活率类似与血液透析(HD)患者,甚至更优。除此之外,PD可以比HD更长时间地维持残余肾功能 (RRF)状态。但RRF丧失或低下的患者,其透析效能无法与HD相比。

越来越多的临床实践也已证明 ESRD 患者的RRF状态是决定PD效能及患者生存质量的关键。因此,临床上如何合理地选择PD适应症以及保护PD患者的RRF是专科大夫所面临的重要问题。

PD与HD的不同特点与选择

PD与HD最大的不同在于前者透析过程中血流动力学波动极小,而且体内始终保持着一定的容量负荷,故透析本身不会像HD那样由于超滤而诱发或加重肾脏缺血性损伤。这也是PD在保护RRF方面优于HD的关键所在。而HD可以频繁地更换透析器,不仅透析能稳定,而且透析膜的性能较腹膜维持时间更长。由此看来,PD与HD虽然都是肾脏替代治疗的重要手段,但从治疗原理上看,各有其相互不可代替的优势。因此,在选择治疗方案时,应根据ESRD患者病情,特别RRF状态,并结合PD与HD的治疗优势加以综合考虑。

PD治疗人群定位与优势

对于PD来讲,其治疗优势人群应定位在有RRF的ESRD患者,尤其是间质小管性疾病以及CRF基础上伴有 AKI的患者。前者除疾病本身进展较慢外,由于小管浓缩功能障碍,机体通常伴有不同程度的循环血容量不足。而PD独特的透析模式恰好能从疾病的病理生理机制上弥补这方面缺陷,减轻或改善肾血流量不足及肾缺血状态,从而达到保护RRF的目的。而RRF的存在,又在维持ESRD患者机体容量平衡、调节血压、保持钙磷代谢稳定等方面发挥着重要作用。除此之外,由于肾小球滤膜的孔径明显大于腹膜,故PD患者经残余肾清除的氮质产物及中分子物质远远多于腹透液。因此,只要有RRF存在,PD完全能达到与HD相同的透析效能,甚至更好。许多研究亦早已证明,残余肾肾小球滤过率 (rGFR) 为1 ml/min 时,相当于残余肾脏每周可清除容量10 L左右。而 rGFR 每下降1 ml/min ,每周尿素等氮质毒素物质的清除量减少10 L左右,由此足以说明RRF状态是成功PD关键所在。因此,所有将行PD的ESRD患者,需先评估其RRF状态后再作决定。

如何制定PD透析处方

根据RRF状态制定透析处方也是提高PD透析效能的关键。目前临床上对PD病人应采用多大透析剂量并没有统一的标准,目前透析处方的制定大多都取决于主管医师的临床经验,透析方案及剂量也相对单一。当前PD治疗中存在的一个突出问题就是透析剂量与病人的RRF状态、体形大小及代谢状况没有有机地联系起来。


在临床实践中我们发现,透析剂量过大,并不一定会增加透析效能, 反而会因透析容量上升而引起 RRF 的加速减退,而影响透析效能;同时还会因超滤量过多,增加蛋白质及其他营养物质的丢失。而透析剂量不足, 难以将机体每日产生的代谢产物排出体外。因而,相同的透析剂量在不同的病人会产生截然不同的效果。所以,临床根据每位病人实际状态个体化地制定透析处方是十分必要的。我院以往的研究证明经残肾清除的氮质代谢产物数量远较腹透液多。当 rGFR > 4 ml/min 时,经残肾的肌酐清除率占总体肌酐清除的 60% 以上。因此,在制定透析方案时应优先考虑残肾的核心作用。这样,不仅可以提高透析效能,同时也有利于维持RRF的稳定。

总之,RRF状态是成功PD的关键。因此,ESRD患者在决定行PD前应对其作准确地评估。在透析时应优先考虑充分发挥残肾的作用并加强保护,尽可能减少或避免能导致RRF下降的因素发生 ,如长期反复使用高渗透析液、肾毒性药物等,并且严格控制血压及预防血管系统合并症的发生。

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    2018-06-24 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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    2018-06-24 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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由此可见,在接受PCI的终末期肾病患者中,比伐卢定和UFH的频率相似,尽管使用方式在入选后有所变化用。接受PCI的终末期肾病患者使用比伐卢定的住院结局调整风险较低;然而,鉴于这种分析的观察性质,需要进行随机试验予以验证。

Ann Rheum Dis:肉芽肿病伴多血管炎引起的终末期肾病患者肾移植后的生存率改善

肾移植与GPA导致的ESRD患者全因死亡率显著降低相关,这主要是由于CVD死亡风险降低。

NEJM:儿童期肾病大幅增加成年后终末期肾脏疾病风险

研究认为,对于儿童期肾病患者,即便其青春期肾功能正常,其成年后终末期肾脏疾病风险大幅增加

KIDNEY INT:活体肾脏捐献者捐赠后终末期肾病风险量化!

由此可见,风险估计对于适当的知情同意至关重要,并在活体肾捐赠者中有很大差别。更宽泛的条件可能对于老年黑人候选捐献者是必要的;年轻的黑人候选者应仔细评估。

J Hypertens:终末期肾病患者血压与左室质量变化相关吗?

由此可见,在接受血液透析的患者中,初始MAP的变化与1年后LVMI的变化之间相关性最好。但仍需进一步的研究以确定它是否可以作为一个潜在的有用治疗目标以防止不良心室重塑,从而改善心血管预后。