Cancer Res:阴险!复旦科学家发现肿瘤能将杀伤性T细胞囚禁在淋巴结中,让调节T细胞成为“猪队友”

2018-10-29 奇点糕 奇点网

最近,复旦大学王宾教授领导的团队又发现,肿瘤将T细胞囚禁在了淋巴结中,使他们不能出去抗癌。不过,与上次不同的是,这次研究者们终于弄清了肿瘤的阴谋是如何得逞的,并且,他们还找到了解救T细胞的办法!

最近,复旦大学王宾教授领导的团队又发现,肿瘤将T细胞囚禁在了淋巴结中,使他们不能出去抗癌。不过,与上次不同的是,这次研究者们终于弄清了肿瘤的阴谋是如何得逞的,并且,他们还找到了解救T细胞的办法!

这个研究团队发现,肿瘤会“策反”机体的调节T细胞(Tregs),这种调节T细胞会在一种特殊的淋巴结中聚集,并将杀伤性T细胞(CD8+ T细胞)囚禁在这种淋巴结中。

更重要的是,他们还找到了调节T细胞囚禁杀伤性T细胞的时间窗口。这个窗口正是肿瘤发展的关键时期,在这个期间将杀伤性T细胞解救出来,会使肿瘤遭到沉重打击!这可能预示着一种高效率、低副作用的绝佳治癌策略,并推动免疫治疗的发展。这项研究发表在近期的著名学术期刊《癌症研究》上。


复旦大学王宾教授

这个被“策反”的调节T细胞平时主要参与调节自身的免疫系统,维持对自身抗原的耐受性,防止发生自身免疫性疾病。换句话说,调节T细胞能压制自身的免疫细胞。

但是,调节T细胞的这个特点却被肿瘤利用了。

早在2001年,科学家就发现调节T细胞会促进肿瘤的发展。而杀伤性T细胞与调节T细胞的比例还与患者生存期密切相关。这些证据都显示调节T细胞在肿瘤进程中扮演着重要角色,其作用可能是帮助肿瘤逃脱免疫系统的追杀。

然而,目前我们还不清楚调节T细胞为何会叛变,转而去协助肿瘤发展的。揭开其中的谜团对人类治疗癌症的具有重要意义。


调节T细胞是机体免疫系统的刹车

这次,王教授团队的研究终于为我们揭晓了答案,并找到了破解的办法!

这个研究是在小鼠中进行的。研究人员在给小鼠移植肿瘤后,发现小鼠的调节T细胞会在“肿瘤引流淋巴结(TDLNs)”中聚集(肿瘤引流淋巴结是指肿瘤细胞沿淋巴管能到达的淋巴结),无论是占比还是数量,都比其他淋巴结中要高。通过转录组测序也发现,肿瘤会诱使调节T细胞表达一些趋化因子,使肿瘤引流淋巴结的环境受调节T细“喜爱”,这可能是他们在这里中聚集的原因。

而淋巴是肿瘤转移的重要路径,同时也是机体防止肿瘤转移的阻击阵地。肿瘤引流淋巴结正是肿瘤免疫的关键节点,调节T细胞在肿瘤引流淋巴结中集结,并且还是由肿瘤引起的,说明事情并不简单。


肿瘤引流淋巴结是肿瘤免疫的重要战场

果然,研究人员将在这里聚集的调节T细胞分离出来进行分析,发现它们会表达更多的TGFβ1。而TGFβ1会抑制其他T细胞的活动,这表明调节T细胞的免疫压制能力变得更强了。

当他们将小鼠全身的调节T细胞消除后,发现小鼠身上的肿瘤接近被完全消灭了,与先前的结果一致。而更令人惊奇的是,通过局部诱导敲除的方法,只将肿瘤引流淋巴结里的调节T细胞消除,也达到了同样的效果。这表明调节T细胞在肿瘤引流淋巴结中的聚集,正是肿瘤发展的关键!

调节T细胞到底在肿瘤引流淋巴结干了什么,会推动肿瘤的发展呢?

考虑到调节T细胞的免疫抑制属性,研究人员分析它可能是影响了其他免疫细胞。于是,他们比较了消除调节T细胞前后,肿瘤引流淋巴结中免疫细胞的变化,果然发现了蹊跷。

在消除调节T细胞后,其他免疫细胞(如自然杀伤细胞,B细胞,巨噬细胞等)都没有变化,唯独杀伤性T细胞的数量有小幅增加,而且表达γ-干扰素的杀伤性T细胞数量明显增加了。与此同时,还发现没有调节T细胞后,杀伤性T细胞就能去杀伤肿瘤了。这说明杀伤性T细胞就是调节T细胞的目标!


消除肿瘤引流淋巴结里的调节T细胞后,杀伤性T细胞有明显变化,且肿瘤接近消失

接下来的问题是:调节T细胞到底对杀伤性T细胞做了什么?

通过实验,研究人员发现原来调节T细胞是限制了杀伤性T细胞的“人身”自由,不让他们从肿瘤引流淋巴结出去!而调节T细胞下手的部位正是杀伤性T细胞表面的S1P1受体,这个S1P1受体正是杀伤T细胞出入各个器官的“签证”。真相大白了,调节T细胞在肿瘤引流淋巴结中没收了杀伤T细胞的签证!

如果有读者看过我们上一篇关于脑部肿瘤将T细胞关在骨髓的文章,你可能还记得,那次肿瘤也是对S1P1动了手脚。

不过,与那次匪夷所思的事件不同的是,这次科学家们发现,调节T细胞与杀伤性T细胞发生了肢体冲突,两者在肿瘤引流淋巴中有直接的接触。

而肢体冲突的结果不仅是杀伤性T细胞被囚禁,其免疫活性也降低了,比如我们上面提到的γ-干扰素表达下降。此外,杀伤性T细胞的增殖也受到了影响,这也是消除调节T细胞后,杀伤性T细胞虽然能从肿瘤引流淋巴结出去,但淋巴结中的杀伤性T细胞数量却增加的原因。

杀伤性T细胞被囚禁了

现在,让我们总结一下,调节T细胞受肿瘤的“指使”,向肿瘤引流淋巴结集中,抑制杀伤性T细胞的增殖,抑制杀伤性T细胞的活性,还使杀伤性T细胞无法从肿瘤引流淋巴结中离开。

而这个事件发生在肿瘤移植后的第5-7天之间,在这个时间段内消除肿瘤引流淋巴结里的调节T细胞,会使肿瘤遭到重大打击!而错过了这个窗口再动手,就没有明显的效果了。


时间窗口很重要

这是科学家们首次发现调节T细胞能阻碍杀伤性T细胞S1P1受体的表达,将其困在肿瘤引流淋巴结中。而在一个特定的窗口,消除局部淋巴结里的调节T细胞能明显治疗癌症。

本文通讯作者王宾教授表示,这个研究可能有助于改善免疫治疗的效果。如果人体的杀伤性T细胞或者改造的CAR-T细胞被困于淋巴结中,则会影响免疫治疗的效率。若我们能通过消除局部调节T细胞的方法解救被困的T细胞,就有可能大幅提高免疫疗法的效果。

并且,相比于以往研究中消除全身的调节T细胞会引起严重副作用,局部消除的副作用则会轻得多。

完成本研究的实验团队正再接再厉,致力于开发可用于临床的消除局部调节T细胞的方法,这让我们充满期待!

当然,作者也表示,这只是在小鼠中的实验,在人类中是否有效还需要临床实验来验证,尤其是时间窗口的确定。

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    2019-10-25 秦至

    我家属免疫治疗后,腹膜后淋巴结肿大,但其他部位控制较好,也许是这个原因吧!很期待……

    0

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    2018-10-30 sodoo
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    2018-10-30 saikp
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    2018-10-30 muzishouyi
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    2018-10-29 ylzr123

    认真学习,不断进步,把经验分享给同好。点赞了!

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