美国拒绝中国标准KN95口罩,KN95和N95到底有何区别?

2020-04-08 肖伞伞(整理) 健康界

全球抗疫形势愈发严峻,多个国家前往中国“抢购”抗疫物资。但在防疫物资出口热的情况下,却出现一些不和谐声音。

全球抗疫形势愈发严峻,多个国家前往中国“抢购”抗疫物资。但在防疫物资出口热的情况下,却出现一些不和谐声音。

德国媒体报道,荷兰卫生部28日宣布召回从中国进口、但已经分发给医疗机构的数十万只口罩,理由是这批中国口罩质量不达标。西班牙媒体报道,西班牙卫生部26日宣布,该国计划退还进口自中国的9000个快速检测试剂盒,因为其检测灵敏度不够高。

接连不断的负面消息,给防疫物资出口蒙上了一层阴影。

在将中国的KN95KP95等口罩生产标准列入认可名单后仅半个月,美国FDA在3月28日更新了Non-NIOSH批准口罩的紧急使用授权,将中国上述口罩生产标准从认可名单中删除,此举再次引起市场对出口口罩质量的关注。

这份文件提到:其他国家提供的呼吸器产品,使用与NIOSH相似的一些方法对这些产品进行了评估。根据美国FDA已发布指导意见,中国的KN95口罩不再获准在美国使用。该指南将中国排除在Non-NIOSH的国家名单之外。包括KN95KP100KN100KP95,中国制造的口罩都将不在EUA名单之列。

而此两周前的3月17日,美国疾控中心(CDC)公布了“优化N95呼吸器供应的策略:危机/替代策略”,批准了其它国家与N95同级别的口罩可以在美国替代使用,名单中包含巴西、韩国、日本、澳大利亚、欧洲、墨西哥和中国(含国内的四个口罩型号:KN100KP100KN95KP95),共七个国家和地区。对比先后两个通知,美国之外7个拟被认可标准的国家名单中,唯独缺少中国。

另有海外医院相关人士表示,此前正在联系中国方面的供应商,希望获得口罩等医疗物资,如今看来,这个通道正在被FDA堵死。

据美国职业安全与健康管理局官网上明确列出,未经NIOSH认证的,就是假冒产品。声明称,仅允许使用经NIOSH认证的呼吸器。

KN95和我们日常听说的N95口罩有区别吗?KN95口罩究竟能不能用于一线防护?

防护口罩标准主要技术指标比较分析

图片来源:江苏市场监管

教育部产业用纺织品工程中心副主任、东华大学非织造材料与工程系主任靳Z向煜教授在接受经济日报采访时介绍,N95是美国呼吸器的认证等级,由美国国家职业安全健康研究所(NIOSH)认证。这类口罩在指定气流量(85L/min)条件下,能够过滤掉超过95%的非油性颗粒物(气溶胶),所以得名N95。而如果能够过滤超过99%的颗粒物(气溶胶),就称为N99口罩。

另外,与N95对应,KN95是经我国GB2626-2006呼吸防护用品自吸过滤式防颗粒物呼吸器标准认证的口罩。

KN95N95口罩防护级别相当,只不过是遵循不同国家的测试标准。KN95口罩遵循的是中国标准,N95口罩遵循的是美国标准,二者对于非油性颗粒物(实验用氯化钠颗粒物)的防护效率皆不小于95%。  

靳向煜介绍,KN95口罩和N95口罩都包含医用和非医用的类型。其中,KN95/N95口罩中有“医用”标志的口罩可以用于医护人员抗疫期间的一线防护,没有“医用”标志的口罩不建议医护人员使用,普通人可以用。符合GB19083的1级以上口罩,既能达到95%的过滤性,也能防液体的渗透,可以用于医疗机构各类操作。

按照《中国标准GB 2626-2006》,KN95KN100,用氯化钠颗粒物检测的过滤效率分别≥95%、≥99.97%,KP95、KP100用油类颗粒物检测的过滤效率分别≥95%、≥99.97%。这些标准,与美国国家职业安全健康研究所(NIOSH)标准相同。

另据一家检测机构提供的美国FDA注册医用口罩认证性能指标,除了对颗粒物过滤效率指标,增加了血透指标。一位口罩生产企业人士对媒体指出,国内对N95医用口罩,有合成血液穿透防护指标要求,避免病人血液喷溅到口罩上穿透,而对KN95则没有这方面的要求。“但普通居民佩戴KN95,足以满足新冠肺炎防控需求。”

荷兰购买的中国口罩不合格?中方回应

针对近日有荷兰媒体称从中国购买的口罩不合格,中国外交部发言人华春莹4月2日在例行记者会上回应称:“那批口罩是荷兰代理商自己采购的,中方企业发货前已告知荷方此批口罩为非医用口罩。”

医用与非医用口罩有哪些区别呢?靳向煜透露医用类型口罩外表面经过疏水处理,GB19083-2010YY0469-2011的医用外科口罩清楚提出了“合成血液穿透”的要求,“表面抗湿性”的参数指标,明确了医用防护口罩对血液体液等液体的防护效果。通俗讲就像水滴落在荷叶上会滚落一样,液体在口罩表面无法浸透,这就能将医护人员经常碰触到酒精、血液等挡住,不让它快速渗透;而非医用类型的KN95/N95口罩则不会经过这一特殊处理。

KN95N95防护口罩最起防护功能的是过滤层,该过滤层采用聚丙烯熔喷超细纤维驻极材料,口罩外表面未经过疏水处理,应用时接触到水、酒精等会破坏掉该材料的结构,使过滤作用大打折扣。更何况,血液中常含细菌、病毒等,医院的应用场景又决定了医护人员大概率暴露在病人的血液环境中。因此,医用口罩表面的疏水处理必不可少。

口罩分为不同的防护标准和等级,也有日用防护和专业医用之分。荷兰此次购买口罩就在采购时买了非医用口罩,故而不具备医用防护口罩的合成血液穿透防护指标要求。

这次事件也许是一个乌龙,但对口罩厂商也是一个警醒:质量不过关的防疫物资一旦出口到国外,不但自身面临索赔风险,还有损国家形象,特别在这个舆论关口,有任何瑕疵都可能会被放大甚至扭曲。

有业内人士在接受媒体采访时建议,口罩出口企业要先衡量产品能否达到国家相关标准,更重要的是,能否符合出口地区的质量标准,如果不符,就尽可能不要捐赠或出口,因为无法提供合规有效的质量报告、合格证书和相关文件,否则,后患无穷。

本文综编自经济日报、赛柏蓝、江苏市场监管、财经杂志、央视网。

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    2021-01-02 passed water
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    2020-12-29 kcb069
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