Nat Commun :颠覆认知!免疫力强并非好事?研究发现更强大的免疫系统可能会阻碍癌症的免疫治疗

2020-08-19 探索菌 生物探索

众所周知,化疗、手术等传统的治疗方法,主要利用外力来消灭肿瘤。而免疫治疗,则是通过增强患者自身的免疫应答来抑制肿瘤生长。疾病的发生和免疫力有关,普遍认为免疫力越强,治疗癌症的效果就越好。

众所周知,化疗、手术等传统的治疗方法,主要利用外力来消灭肿瘤。而免疫治疗,则是通过增强患者自身的免疫应答来抑制肿瘤生长。疾病的发生和免疫力有关,普遍认为免疫力越强,治疗癌症的效果就越好。

但是,最近发表在《Nature Communications》上的一篇文章颠覆了我们的认知:在某些类型的癌症免疫治疗中,一些免疫力较强的患者的反应率反而比较低。加利福尼亚大学圣迭戈分校医学院的研究人员发现,免疫力较强的患者的肿瘤细胞一开始不呈现自身抗原变异,主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)无法传递给免疫系统“清除癌细胞”的信号,因此癌症免疫治疗受限。

癌细胞以及被感染的细胞表面有着特殊的分子标记,以“告诉”免疫系统需要清除这些“坏细胞”。这些分子标记是一种称为主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)的分子,主要存在于体内多数细胞的表面。为了让免疫系统能够检测并消除“坏细胞”,肿瘤细胞携带的大量突变在这些分子标记中会频繁出现。通常,由于存在更多的MHC,免疫力越强的患者(例如年轻人和女性)的癌症免疫治疗效果越好。但在实际治疗中,结果却并非如此。

为了解答这一问题,研究人员研究了来自美国国立卫生研究院癌症基因组图谱的近1万名癌症患者的基因组信息,以及从国际癌症基因组联盟数据库和发表的研究中获得的342名其他肿瘤类型患者的基因组信息。结果发现,MHC的功能在年龄或性别上并无差异。研究人员推测,性别和年龄对MHC功能无明显差异可能是源于环境的不同。

此外,研究人员发现,与老年和男性癌症患者相比,年轻和女性患者往往会积累更多的诱发癌症的基因突变,主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)又无法有效地向免疫系统呈现这种突变,因此,年轻和女性患者在癌症免疫治疗中的效果较差。

研究人员推测,造成该结果可能是由于免疫力较强的患者拥有更强大的免疫系统,能更彻底地除去表现出良好变异的自身抗原细胞,留下了更多表现较差突变的肿瘤细胞。这意味着,免疫系统抑制肿瘤生长的同时,肿瘤的恶性程度也会逐渐强化(免疫编辑),反过来又会对肿瘤的发展有着某种程度的促进作用。

试想,如果肿瘤细胞一开始就不呈现自身抗原变异,那么肿瘤细胞携带的大量突变便不会在主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)中出现,MHC便无法“告诉”免疫系统需要清除“坏细胞”。因此,利用检查点抑制剂药物(阻断表面抗原)的免疫治疗方法在这种情况下便“无能为力”了。

总而言之,肿瘤的形成极其复杂,因此在癌症的治疗上,并不存在“一刀切式”的方法。这需要科学家们更深入地探究肿瘤和免疫系统的相互联系和作用机制,然后再根据每个人的情况制定出最合适的治疗方案。

原始出处:

Andrea Castro, Rachel Marty Pyke, Xinlian Zhang,et al.Strength of immune selection in tumors varies with sex and age.Nat Commun. 2020 Aug 17;11(1):4128. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17981-0.

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    2020-09-08 liye789132251
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    2021-05-31 liuli5079
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    2020-08-30 ms3000000449926787

    学习了

    0

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    2020-08-19 ms5000000741733160

    👍

    0

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    2020-08-19 ms5000000741733160

    0

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    2020-08-19 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2020-08-19 rayms

    不难理解,免疫高低也会对药物起到一定的负作用,还是要个体化方案

    0

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