Biomed Pharmacother:当心!你的容颜易逝可能是慢性高血糖惹的祸

2019-01-12 国际糖尿病编辑部 国际糖尿病

从某种意义上讲,慢性高糖是一个让你的身体慢慢“生锈”的过程。容颜老化不过是这种“生锈”发展到一定程度之后的外在表现,事实上体内的进展或许更加令人担忧。预防铁器的生锈需要控制湿度,而预防体内的“生锈”,你需要控制好你的糖。

经过多年的科普,很多人都很清楚血糖控制不好往往需要付出代价,并且第一时间脑子里可以闪现出肥胖、血管疾病、卒中糖尿病视网膜病变、糖尿病肾病、糖尿病足……等等。然而有一种代价,或许是因为近年来的研究才慢慢浮出水面,多数人可能完全没有想到过,并且这些人若恰恰又是天生爱美的女性的话,估计好好了解一番之后今晚后半夜都要睡不好了。但就算今夜无眠、也依然有必要了解。否则不仅风险依然存在、而且可能由于不知情而令后果更加严重。

爱美的你一定注意到了,很多美容护肤产品都少不了提到一个词“抗氧化”。抗氧化是否真的能够年轻或者看上去更年轻呢?至少现代科学给出我们这样的解释:氧化应激(Oxidative Stress,OS)是指体内氧化与抗氧化作用失衡,倾向于氧化,导致中性粒细胞炎性浸润,蛋白酶分泌增加,产生大量氧化中间产物。OS是由自由基在体内产生的一种负面作用,并被认为是导致衰老和疾病的一个重要因素。所以为肌肤抗氧化,理论上的确是在助力对抗岁月留下的痕迹。

这与糖尿病有什么关系呢

氧化应激在糖尿病的发生和发展中起着至关重要的作用。糖酵解、己糖胺、蛋白激酶C(PKC)、多元醇和糖基化终末产物(AGE)等不同代谢途径中的多个分子事件级联被认为是促氧化过程,通常在糖尿病患者中上调。这绝对不是危言耸听。最近发表在Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy杂志上的一篇文章,为我们很好地阐述了糖尿病患者氧化应激相关的分子机制。

葡萄糖在人体细胞中被氧化是非常重要的。发生这种情况的最初过程称为糖酵解。它是一个十步酶催化途径,会产生自由基。在正常生理条件下,这些自由基是可以被机体抗氧化防御网络应付的。然而,在高血糖的情况下,会产生过量的超氧阴离子自由基(O2-),抑制机体抗氧化系统诱导氧化应激,对核DNA及其他生物分子造成损伤。随后激活DNA修复酶(多聚ADP核糖聚合酶1)。该酶抑制甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶的活性,导致甘油醛-3-磷酸的积累,而这一过程又激活一系列的促氧化过程,包括己糖胺、多元醇、蛋白激酶和晚期糖基化终产物(AGEs)途径(图1)。



图1. 高血糖状态下的葡萄糖氧化和诱导氧化应激

葡萄糖在血液中的积累可导致分子的自氧化,从而形成AGEs前体。同样,葡萄糖分解代谢产物也产生AGEs前体。这些AGEs均可与不同年龄的受体结合或与生物分子相互作用,通过蛋白激酶C(PKC)的活化直接或间接引发OS(图2)。AGEs,特别是修饰蛋白,同时存在于细胞内和细胞外基质中。当细胞内和细胞外的蛋白质与AGEs氨基酸组成基团,尤其是与肌肤中的胶原蛋白紧密结合就会导致肌肤失去弹性,继而诱发一系列令爱美人士极其焦虑的肌肤状况:皱纹增加、暗斑、松弛、干燥、粗糙等,总有一款找上你。



图2. AGEs的形成和高血糖诱导的氧化应激

PKC是一种通过级联反应磷酸化过程来调节其他蛋白活性的蛋白质。该酶是细胞信号通路的关键元素。氧化应激诱导DNA损伤激活的多聚ADP核糖聚合酶1抑制一些酶使得体内在高糖环境下产生甘油-3-磷酸,甘油-3-磷酸在游离脂肪酸存在下形成二酰基甘油,与AGEs受体相互作用,通过PKC活化诱导氧化应激(图3)。



图3. 高血糖中PKC的活化和诱导的氧化应激

在高血糖细胞条件下,糖酵解还会触发己糖胺通路在糖尿病中的毒性和促氧化作用(图4)。



图4. 高血糖引起的己糖胺通路的过度活跃

此外,在高血糖水平下,醛糖还原酶被激活,导致山梨醇水平升高,山梨醇脱氢酶转化为果糖。高水平的果糖导致磷酸甘油醛(GAP)和二羟丙酮二磷酸(DHAP)的积累,通过甲基乙二醇的形成和PKC的活化导致氧化应激。此外,醛糖还原酶活性的增加导致NADPH水平显著下降,进而导致谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和谷胱甘肽水平下降。这种情况导致抗氧化防御网格的抑制,进而加速氧化应激(图5)。



图5. 高血糖引起的多酚通路的过度活跃

最后,高血糖诱导的氧化应激还可促使胰岛素信号通路失活。

由于氧化应激在糖尿病和糖尿病并发症中的重要作用,抗氧化剂的摄入显然并不能预防糖尿病,那么对于现阶段的糖尿病患者来讲,控制好血糖无疑就是预防衰老、预防并发症的良方。

结语

从某种意义上讲,慢性高糖是一个让你的身体慢慢“生锈”的过程。容颜老化不过是这种“生锈”发展到一定程度之后的外在表现,事实上体内的进展或许更加令人担忧。预防铁器的生锈需要控制湿度,而预防体内的“生锈”,你需要控制好你的糖。

原始出处:
Osasenaga MacdonaldIghodaro, et al. Molecular pathways associated with oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2018 Dec.

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    2019-08-16 sunylz
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    2019-10-08 yb6560
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    2019-11-24 jj000001
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    2019-01-14 hbwxf
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    2019-01-14 Nancy7994

    学习了

    0

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