专访:仁济医院茅益民教授:打好基础!促进我国药物性肝损伤研究走向世界!

2016-12-14 MedSci MedSci原创

药物性肝损伤(drug-induced liver injury,DILI)是指由各类处方或非处方的化学药物、生物制剂、传统中药(TCM)、天然药(NM)、保健品(HP)、膳食补充剂(DS)及其代谢产物乃至辅料等所诱发的肝损伤。

药物性肝损伤(drug-induced liver injury,DILI)是指由各类处方或非处方的化学药物、生物制剂、传统中药(TCM)、天然药(NM)、保健品(HP)、膳食补充剂(DS)及其代谢产物乃至辅料等所诱发的肝损伤。TCM是指在我国中医等传统民族医药学理论指导下生产和使用的各种草药和非草药类的中药材、饮片和复方中成药,NM是指应用现代医药理论和技术制备的天然药用物质及其制剂。DILI是最常见和最严重的药物不良反应(ADR)之一,重者可致急性肝衰竭(ALF)甚至死亡。 迄今仍缺乏简便、客观、特异的诊断指标和特效治疗手段。为此,梅斯医学编辑采访了上海仁济医院消化科主任医师茅益民教授,茅教授就我国药物性肝损伤的研究进展和取得的成果进行了阐述。
 
梅斯医学:茅教授,您好!感谢您接受我们的采访。我们都知道药物性肝损伤是肝病领域中一个具有挑战性的疾病之一,请您简单分享一下近年来有关药物性肝损伤取得的研究成果。 
 

茅教授:总体上,国际上欧美国家通过DILI协作网络的建设,建立了集临床信息和生物样本于一体的资源库,并合作开展了一系列的临床和转化研究,研究最主要集中在寻找DILI的生物标记物,如预测哪些人群是发生DILI的高风险人群,一些与发病机制相关的生物标记物也被发现。作为DILI领域进展的重要事件,2012年美国发布了全球首个DILI的网络平台LiverTox。此外,针对DILI诊断的挑战,国际上更新了RUCAM因果关系评估量表。开展的DILI临床病理学研究,阐述了DILI的18种常见的组织学特征。近年来,DILI与免疫的关系也是目前国际上研究的热点,如药物诱发的自身免疫性的损伤、肿瘤免疫治疗中发生的肝损伤等问题。


我国近年来在DILI领域也做了相应的工作。2014年发布了中国首个DILI网络平台
HepaTox(www.hepatox.org),在该年度也被认为是DILI领域的重要进展,并在当年的美国肝病年会上做了介绍。基于HepaTox网络平台的中国DILI回顾性和前瞻性研究也已启动,目前回顾性研究已结束,相应数据正在整理中。在DILI的干预性研究方面,经过多年努力,2014年正大天晴药业集团的异甘草酸镁获得了CFDA的批准,增加了急性DILI的适应症。这是国际上目前为止唯一一个具有急性DILI治疗适应症的药物,由于国外无类似的保肝药物,也缺乏相应的干预性研究,因此,我国在DILI干预性研究方面的工作,积累了相应经验并走在国际的前列,这对于国外而言是独一无二的。
 
梅斯医学:在临床试验或临床实践中,是否可用标准化方法来诊断药物性肝损伤,如果没有的话,哪些问题困扰着我们?
 
茅教授:DILI的诊断,目前来说,还是排他性的,需要排除引起肝损伤的其他可能的病因。建立DILI诊断时的关键步骤是评估存在的肝损伤和可疑药物之间的因果关系,即肝损伤是否是由相应的可疑药物而引起。在评估这种因果关系时,Roussel Uclaf因果关系评估法(RUCAM)是常用的量表。尽管有一定的缺陷,但由于其不受年龄、性别和种族影响,主次参数全面且相对合理客观,同时也适合非肝病专业医生应用,RUCAM仍是目前设计最合理、要素最全面、操作最方便的DILI诊断工具。因此,在临床实践中目前仍推荐RUCAM量表来协助判断肝损伤和可疑药物间的因果关系。

最近美国学者提出了结构性专家意见程序(SEOP),尽管可以克服RUCAM量表的缺陷,但因程序繁琐而不适合在临床实践中广泛推广应用。SEOP可作为DILI临床研究及疑似病例进一步评估的工具。由于新药上市前需要开展证明其有效性和安全性的临床试验,而新药往往缺乏再激发的相应信息,因此,在临床试验过程中出现的肝损伤,因无法针对再激发在RUCAM中打分,导致在因果关系判断中可能出现偏差。而SEOP,则可作为临床试验中评估肝损伤和新药间因果关系的一个有效手段。

此外,美国FDA开发了用于在大量临床试验数据中快速筛查出严重药物性肝损伤(符合hy’s法则)案例的软件——eDISH。此软件尽管可快速筛查出符合hy’s法则的严重药物性肝损伤,但无法用于因果关系判断,目前为止,也无法用于临床实践。 
 
梅斯医学:去年您领头开展药物性肝损伤的全国性的回顾性和前瞻性研究,建立了国际上最大规模的数据库和样本库,也希望您能和我们分享一下所取得的成果,以及接下来我们所要开展的研究项目?
 
茅教授:在药物性肝损伤领域目前还有很多问题未被阐明,如其确切的发病机制、决定药物性肝损伤发生、进展和预后是由于药物因素还是宿主因素、我们是否能预测、不同DILI临床表型的转归是否一样,还有就是DILI的诊断和鉴别诊断方面的挑战等等。要解决这些问题,这就需要开展DILI的临床和转化方面的研究。然而,由于目前已知的可引起肝损伤的药物很多,而且更为复杂的是人群的异质性,因此,开展这类临床和转化研究是充满挑战的,需要有足够的样本量才能说明问题。尽管DILI是临床上不明原因肝损伤或肝病的常见原因之一,我们在临床上可以看到很多这样的病人,但就某一特定药物引起的肝损伤病例,在一家医院的样本量是有限的。因此,这就需要进行多中心、多学科的协作,整合全国的力量,建立临床协作网络。希望通过这种方式,建立起DILI的大型数据库和样本库,为我国DILI领域的临床和转化研究奠定扎实的基础。

事实上,从国际上来看,在欧美国家在政府资金的支持下已经启动了DILI的协作网络和注册系统。如西班牙最早于1994年启动药物性肝损伤注册系统;2003年,美国也成立了US-DILIN;2009年,欧洲也启动了药物性肝损伤的前瞻性研究的注册系统;2011年,西班牙和拉丁美洲共同建立了协作网络。这些协作网络建立后已合作开展了一些寻找DILI生物标记物的研究,并取得了一定的成果。

我们自2014年发布了Hepatox网络平台(www.Hepatox.org)后,基于Hepatox网络平台,我们于去年启动了中国大陆住院患者中的DILI回顾性研究。这项研究,由全国除了港澳台以外的31个省市的303家综合性和专科医院参与,在短短的8个月期间纳入了近3万个病例。通过这项研究,我们调查了中国综合性医院包括部分专科医院的住院患者中药物性肝损伤的诊断率,分析了中国药物性肝损伤人群的基本特征、引起肝损伤的最主要的可疑药物和最后转归等。目前该回顾性研究告一段落,现在正在进行数据整理和文章的写作。这样,我们可以了解我们国家住院患者的药物性肝损伤的整体情况。

今年,我们同样基于Hepatox网络平台,已启动了DILI全国范围的前瞻性研究。我们通过回顾性和前瞻性的研究,同步建立了中国DILI的数据库和样本库,尽管,从目前的数据规模上来看,我们已是国际上最大的,但我们清醒地意识到,毕竟在我们的数据库中多数仍是回顾性数据,数据的质量可能还有很多缺陷,因此,研究结果可能会有偏倚。所以,我们在前瞻性的研究中反复强调数据的质量是最重要的,即我们纳入前瞻性研究的每一位患者均为国际国内学术界公认的诊断方法诊断为药物性肝损伤的患者,根据方案进行随访,并将随访的数据录入数据库。我们希望这种前瞻性的研究能长期开展,与国际接轨,为中国DILI进一步的防治、建立警戒提供数据支撑和科学依据。 
 
茅益民教授简介
 
 
茅益民,仁济医院消化科主任医师,教授
 
现为中华医学会肝病分会全国委员、中华肝病学会药物性肝病学组组长、中华肝病学会脂肪肝和酒精性肝病学组副组长、中国医师协会脂肪肝专家委员会副主任委员、中国毒理学会临床毒理分会副主任委员、上海医学会肝病专科分会主任委员、国家食品药品监督管理局新药审评专家、国家基本药物核心目录(西药)遴选专家、国家基本医疗保险药品目录(西药)遴选专家、上海市脂肪性肝病诊治研究中心常务副主任等。为国家“十一五”、“十二五”科技重大专项课题首席专家、“肝脏”和“中国药物评价”杂志副主编。科研成果曾获2011年国家科技进步二等奖、2010年上海科技进步一等奖等。

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    2016-12-15 圣艮山

    学习了不少东西

    0

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    2016-12-14 1e1896dfm83(暂无匿称)

    中药是不是那么严重,需要进一步阐明。

    0

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