白蛋白超过总蛋白,真凶竟是……

2019-04-25 宁静致远 检验医学

患者,男,68岁,因“贫血,血小板减少就诊”,患者在门诊检验血常规显示重度贫血(HGB:54g/L),血小板减少(PLT:71×109/L),淋巴细胞比例异常增高(LYM%:90.2%),淋巴细胞如此之高,涂片镜检可见大量淋巴细胞,患者血常规检测结果如图。

前  言

大千世界,无奇不有,你没见过的东西,并不代表他或它不存在。生活中的事尚且如此,工作也不例外。前几日,我们在做病人的生化检验项目时就发现了一个离奇的案例。

案例经过

患者,男,68岁,因“贫血,血小板减少就诊”,患者在门诊检验血常规显示重度贫血(HGB:54g/L),血小板减少(PLT:71×109/L),淋巴细胞比例异常增高(LYM%:90.2%),淋巴细胞如此之高,涂片镜检可见大量淋巴细胞,患者血常规检测结果如图。


▲图1  患者血常规结果


▲图2 患者血常规散点图和直方图

再看看患者生化检测结果,更是离奇的异常,白蛋白(90.4g/L)异常增高,居然超过了总蛋白(87.5g/L),这是什么情况,难道是仪器试剂加反了?白蛋白与总蛋白试剂放错了(互换了位置)?

于是当班人员立即检查试剂,重新做质控,结果都没问题,再次复测病人标本,结果依旧,于是联系患者及家属,重新采集标本复查。复查后的结果白蛋白仍然超高(如下图)。


▲图3  患者生化检验结果

不符合逻辑啊,白蛋白怎么会超过总蛋白呢,难道是什么干扰了白蛋白的检测吗?

做个蛋白电泳,应该可以看出究竟。于是将患者血清立即上机进行血清蛋白电泳检测,琼脂糖凝胶电泳让异常增高的白蛋白露出了马脚,结果显示在γ球蛋白区域波峰异常增高,γ球蛋白含量达到了:41.2%,原来真凶是它。


▲图4  患者血清蛋白电泳图

但是新的问题又来了,球蛋白增高为何会影响白蛋白测定呢?患者肝功能其他指标均正常,是什么导致的γ球蛋白异常增高呢?

球蛋白异常增多的疾病常见的有多发性骨髓瘤、淋巴瘤、原发性巨球蛋白血症等引起的M蛋白血症[1],我们知道M蛋白血症患者可在γ球蛋白区、β球蛋白区或者二者之间形成一条底窄峰尖的区带,为M蛋白带。

查看患者电泳扫描图谱,在γ球蛋白区确实有一个突出高峰区,这个区带应该就是M蛋白带,但具体是什么型需要进一步做免疫固定电泳,本实验室尚未开展免疫固定电泳,我们只能试图从血涂片里找答案。

带着这个疑问我们再次找出血片,看看异常增多的淋巴细胞到底为何物?不出所料,患者血涂片下见大量如下细胞(如图5、图6),是异淋吗?还是浆细胞?


▲  图4


▲图5

图6中的红细胞呈缗钱状排列,背景箭头所指的如卷起的纱布,分析可能为异常增多的球蛋白所致。告知患者病情后,患者立即转入上级医院,未能及时追踪到患者情况,是否诊断为多发性骨髓瘤或其他疾病尚不得知。




▲图6

总 结

虽然患者最终诊断未能明确,但是留给我们检验工作者一个新的思考:当患者标本出现异常不可解释的结果时,一定记得及时联系临床,综合患者的多项检查结果全面分析。

本案例就是通过一个异常突高的生化检测结果,进而推理其可能病情,并根据实验室现有检测水平追加检测了血清蛋白电泳,基本找出了异常增高的“白蛋白”。

又通过血常规镜检而发现了异常的淋巴细胞/浆细胞,初步判断了疾病的方向,工作中我们缺乏的正是这种检验医师的思维,如果我们具备了检验医师的诊断思维,相信很多疾病一定可以得到及时的诊断,进而可以在疾病黄金救治期得到及早治疗,甚至能够挽救危急重症患者的生命。

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    2019-04-27 珙桐
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    2019-04-26 龙胆草

    学习谢谢分享

    0

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    2019-04-26 yjs木玉

    好好好好,好好好学习

    0

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    2019-04-26 飛歌

    学习了很有用不错

    0

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微量白蛋白——检测肾损伤 量微作用大

李大爷拿着自己的尿液检验报告单找大夫解惑:“为什么明明已经有了一个尿蛋白了,下面又有一个微量白蛋白呀?它们有什么区别?”不得不说大爷火眼金睛,这微小的差别可有大学问。尿蛋白大家都知道是尿的常规项目了,而尿微量白蛋白,近年来逐渐发展起来的一个更灵敏更具有早期诊断意义的一个新名词,下面我们就来了解了解它:

Lancet:人白蛋白治疗可提高失代偿性肝硬化患者的生存率

研究认为,长期人白蛋白可提高失代偿性肝硬化患者的生存率

Sci Rep:上尿路移行细胞癌中,白蛋白和碱性磷酸酶比例的预后意义

最近,有研究人员为了评估上尿路移行细胞癌(UTUC)患者中,治疗前白蛋白和碱性磷酸酶比(AAPR)的预后影响,对2003年和2016年之间的692名患者的数据进行了回顾性的分析。研究人员通过接受者操作特性曲线分析定义了AAPR的阈值为0.58,并利用Kaplan-Meier方法对总生存(OS)、癌症特异性生存(CSS)和无复发生存(RFS)进行了评估。另外,还利用单变量和多变量Cox回归模型来鉴定

Neurocrit Care:严重心源性卒中发病2h内输注高剂量白蛋白有获益的趋势

2018年2月来自美国的Rakesh Khatri等在Neurocrit Care上发表了他们的研究结果,他们利用ALIAS试验的数据,分析了NIHSS >=15分的心源性卒中患者(n=189)采用高剂量白蛋白的疗效。

J Hepatol: 采用midodrine和白蛋白治疗肝硬化患者,血管收缩系统活性轻微下降,但不能阻碍肝硬化并发症和改善患者生存

等待肝移植的肝硬化患者,在采用 midodrine和白蛋白治疗后,内源性血管收缩系统活性有轻微下降,但并不能阻碍肝硬化并发症和改善患者生存。