胶囊内镜:20年发展与展望

2022-01-19 廖专,李兆申 中国实用内科杂志

经过20年的探索,胶囊内镜的性能不断提升,实现了适应证的拓展。

胶囊内镜的问世攻克了小肠作为内镜检查“盲区”这一的难题,弥补了传统消化内镜的不足。经过20年的探索,胶囊内镜的性能不断提升,实现了适应证的拓展;食管胶囊内镜、结肠胶囊内镜以及胃胶囊内镜的相继推出,实现了全消化道黏膜的可视化;振动胶囊等功能胶囊内镜的研发,实现了从诊断到治疗的初探。

自此,胶囊内镜开启了无痛无创消化道疾病诊疗的新篇章,谨以此文就胶囊内镜发展历程作一回顾与展望。

1 小肠胶囊内镜

1999年,Paul Swain等研发并吞服了人类第一颗胶囊内镜,其大小为26 mm´11 mm,拍摄频率为2帧/s,续航时间长达8 h,成功进行小肠检查;次年,Iddan和Swain在Nature杂志中刊登首张胶囊内镜拍摄的人体消化道图像[1];随后Appleyard等[2]于2001年首次报道胶囊内镜在4例不明原因消化道出血(OGIB)患者中的应用,实现了小肠疾病诊断的临床转化,开始了胶囊内镜对小肠疾病无创检查的新局面,成为医工交叉的典范。

历经十余年探索,胶囊内镜的适应证不断拓展,在临床中得到广泛应用。Pennazio等[3]对胃镜肠镜检查均阴性的100例OGIB患者进行胶囊内镜评估,结果表明胶囊内镜灵敏度、特异度分别达88.9%及95%,明确胶囊内镜是诊断OGIB的有效检查方法;欧洲胃肠内镜学会指南推荐胶囊内镜作为OGIB的一线检查方式,于出血后14 d内检查最佳[4]

胶囊内镜在小肠克罗恩病中有较优的诊断效能[5],最新一项研究表明,对于静止期克罗恩病小肠疾病患者胶囊内镜可预测其短期和长期克罗恩病恶化的风险[6]。胶囊内镜也是筛查和诊断小肠肿瘤的重要方法[7],指南推荐早期使用小肠胶囊内镜探查小肠肿瘤,特别是病因未明的OGIB或缺铁性贫血的患者[4]

此外,胶囊内镜在遗传息肉综合征[8]、乳糜泻[9]、非甾体抗炎药相关小肠黏膜损伤[10]等疾病诊断中均有较优的诊断效能。随着适配软件的进步[11]和人工智能的应用[12],胶囊内镜的平均阅片时间大大缩短,识别小肠病变的灵敏度更高,显著提升诊断效率。新冠疫情爆发期间,胶囊内镜因其无需接触、可远程控制、无交叉感染风险,在远程医疗中展示出其独特的优势[13]

但胶囊内镜仍有不良事件的发生,最受关注的是胶囊滞留与检查不全。胶囊滞留是指胶囊内镜在消化道内超过2周未排出,有可能造成肠梗阻、肠穿孔等,需高度重视[14]。胶囊滞留的主要病因是克罗恩病,其次为肿瘤等造成肠道狭窄的疾病[15]

为预判是否存在肠道狭窄,Given公司于2005年推出探路胶囊,其外壳为可降解乳糖材料,在消化道内超过80 h会开始降解,能够用于评估胶囊滞留的风险[16]。结合影像学检查,探路胶囊的应用使胶囊滞留率大幅下降,指南也指出滞留高风险人群建议先行探路胶囊以降低滞留风险[17-18]。胶囊内镜检查不全主要由于部分患者胃肠动力不足,在有限的电池续航时间内无法完成肠道的检查。

为提升小肠检查完成率,多项研究就改进肠道准备[19]、使用促动力药[20]、内镜干预[21]、磁控诱导过幽门等[22]方式开展研究,旨在提升肠道清洁度并缩短胶囊内镜通过幽门的时间;经过上述技术干预,小肠检查不全发生率逐年下降,为避免疾病的漏检奠定基础[17]

经过20年的发展与探索,小肠胶囊内镜已成为小肠疾病的一线检查方案,在临床运用中发挥着越来越重要的作用。

2 食管胶囊内镜

由于在重力的作用下胶囊内镜通过食管速度过快,传统的胶囊内镜拍摄频率无法满足全面观察食管黏膜的需求,因此Eliakim等[23]于2004年推出双镜头、拍摄频率达14帧/s的食管胶囊内镜“PillCam ESO”,并在17例胃镜检查患者自身对照研究中证实其有效性。随后通过性能的优化,第二、三代食管胶囊内镜相继被推出,最新的第三代PillCam UGI齿状线检查完成率可达92.5%,较二代的50%有了巨大提高[24-25]

多项研究证明食管胶囊内镜对多种食管疾病具有较高的诊断效能。Eliakim等[26]对106例确诊反流性食管炎或Barrett食管的患者行食管胶囊内镜检查,发现食管胶囊内镜对其诊断灵敏度和特异度均接近100%;随后的大样本研究证实了这一结论[27]。在诊断食管静脉曲张方面,一项国际多中心研究发现食管胶囊内镜与传统电子胃镜检查结果具有较高的一致性,且患者检查的依从性较高[28]。研究表明食管胶囊内镜在食管癌筛查方面安全、可行,但灵敏度有待提高[29]

为克服重力作用,Sami等[30]推出经鼻食管胶囊内镜,其在Barrett食管筛查有较高灵敏度和特异度,但患者需在局麻下进行检查,且有11%的患者插入失败。2005年Ramirez等[31]研发出可反复观察食管的系线食管胶囊内镜,其准确性高达100%。

随后我国推出改良的可分离式系线磁控胶囊内镜,与传统电子胃镜相比其食管疾病诊断灵敏度和诊断一致率均达100%,且在检查食管后胶囊内镜可被释放继续检查胃和小肠[32];在筛查高出血风险静脉曲张效能方面,可分离式系线磁控胶囊内镜与传统电子胃镜基本一致[33]

食管胶囊内镜通过性能的提升与系线控制技术的革新,在食管疾病检查的研究中取得了重大的进展,有望成为一种食管疾病筛查的新方法。

3 结肠胶囊内镜

2006年Eliakim等[34]推出第一代结肠胶囊内镜(PillCam Colon 1,CCE-1)。欧洲多中心研究表明,与结肠镜相比CCE-1的检查完成率可达92.8%,对息肉、腺瘤、结肠癌的诊断灵敏度为68%~85%[35]

通过性能提升,具有高拍摄频率、宽视野角的第二代结肠胶囊内镜于2009年被推出[36]。Rex等[37]多中心研究表明,CCE-2全结肠检查完成率高达99.6%,腺瘤检出率为39%;Spada等[38]荟萃分析结果显示,CCE-2对≥6 mm息肉的灵敏度为86%,特异度为88.1%,较CCE-1具有良好的诊断效能。

最新一项系统评价指出,CCE-2诊断准确性与结肠镜相当,且诊断效能优于计算机断层扫描结肠成像,可作为结肠镜的替换方案[39]。自此结肠疾病检查开启了新的方向,结肠胶囊内镜打破了传统结肠内窥镜的禁锢,为结肠疾病检查提供了多样的选择。

国内外多项研究聚焦于磁控结肠胶囊内镜以及结肠胶囊内镜入路的研究,将结肠胶囊内镜的可控性大大提高[40-42]。2018年Eliakim等[43]推出新一代全肠胶囊内镜(PillCam Crohn’s),检查范围囊括全消化道,其报告分有小肠Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ段+结肠,全肠检查完成率为83%~91%。该胶囊内镜可全面判断炎症性肠病等广泛肠道疾病的分布与活动度,结果优于生化指标[44];此外,在胃镜检查阴性的消化道出血患者中,其病因检出率可达83%[45]

由于结肠胶囊内镜具有舒适、无创、无交叉感染风险、诊断准确率高等特点,在临床上值得推广运用,特别是在新冠疫情期间结肠胶囊内镜能够减少对结肠镜检查的需求,降低医护人员的感染风险[46]。未来相关研究将更多探讨肠道准备的改良、智能化拍摄结肠疾病、人工智能阅片以及治疗型结肠胶囊内镜的研发等热点问题。

4 胃胶囊内镜

胃的解剖结构特殊,传统被动运输的胶囊内镜限制了其在胃腔的检查效果,如何主动控制胶囊内镜观察胃黏膜是胃胶囊内镜亟需解决的难题。根据Carpi等[47]提出的“磁控胶囊内镜”这一理念,手柄式、磁共振(MRI)线圈式和机械臂式胶囊内镜相继被研发[48]

2010年,Swain等[49]报道首例手柄式磁控胶囊内镜的操作案例,但尚不能精准调控;随后Rahman等[50]推出MiroCam手柄式磁控胶囊内镜,其食管、胃解剖标志的观察成功率为88%~100%,能够成功操控胶囊从胃底移动至胃体,但其对胃食管交界处和胃底的观察清晰度以及近距离观察胃黏膜能力欠佳,无法在临床中广泛运用。Rey等[51]于2012年首次在人体试验了MRI式磁控胶囊内镜,其胃解剖标志物的检查完成率为85.2%~93.4%,诊断效能尚可,但后续未见进一步大样本研究。

我国于2012年率先研发出机械臂式磁控胶囊胃镜系统,通过体外高强度永磁体,实现对胶囊内镜高精准的运动导航,对胃黏膜的可视性好、安全性佳[52]。2016年的全国多中心研究显示,以电子胃镜为金标准,该磁控胶囊胃镜系统的灵敏度、特异度以及诊断准确性分别为90.4%、94.7%和93.4%,且发现了常规胃镜漏诊病灶,证实机械臂式磁控胶囊胃镜具有良好的临床应用前景[53]。为提升胃检查的完成率,我国学者经探索发现服用西甲硅油后反复体位改变能够显著提升胃清洁度,解决了胃内黏液及气泡影响胶囊内镜观察的难题[54-55]

目前,机械臂式磁控胶囊胃镜在老年人[56]儿童[57]、胃镜检查高风险人群[58]、非甾体类药物相关胃肠黏膜损伤人群[59]中均安全有效地运用;磁控胶囊胃镜亦可应用于无症状人群胃癌及癌前病变的筛查,使早癌早筛无痛无创易接受[60-62]

随着技术的改进,第二代机器臂式磁控胶囊胃镜系统开发出了更优的自适应帧率、更好的图像分辨率、更宽的视野、更久的电池续航时间以及抗干扰无线数据传输,显著优化黏膜的可视性与胶囊的可操作性[63]。借助磁场主动控制的优势,磁控胶囊胃镜可实现实时观察药物在胃内崩解、分布、排空的动态变化[64]

在新冠疫情期间,长海医院构建无接触磁控胶囊胃镜平台,医生通过远程操作、云阅片、患者胶囊的一次性使用,实现“感染零风险”[65]。通过融合人工智能、5G等新兴技术,磁控胶囊胃镜在未来将有更广泛的运用价值。

5 功能胶囊内镜

20世纪以来,医疗器械领域发生了巨大变革。在图片清晰度、胶囊续航能力与信号传输质量不断提高的同时,胶囊内镜被赋予了更多功能,不仅被开发出了传统内镜下的活检、超声探测、止血等功能,还可以进行减肥、杀菌、促排便、靶向给药等多样化干预。目前国内将这些具有视频之外其他功能的胶囊统称为功能性胶囊内镜。

在诊断方面,研究者们将超声技术、X线技术及仿生技术与胶囊内镜结合起来,研发成功多种深层成像胶囊,可提供管腔周围360°各层次消化壁结构图像[66]或可省去肠道准备直接透过内容物观察结肠壁[67],甚至能模拟触觉感受病灶及周围组织病变情况[68]

由于胶囊内镜本身的微型化,其在胃肠动力检测以及消化道理化参数测量方面具有不可替代的优势。首个无线动力胶囊SmartPill于2006年获得美国FDA批准[69],通过功能整合,目前国内的动力胶囊系统已经有能够同时进行消化道测压、pH、温度,并记录运动轨迹以及通过时间[70-71]。无线动力胶囊还能够监测糖尿病患者全消化道运动功能[72],影响患者的后续管理[73]。活检胶囊的诞生进一步拓宽了胶囊内镜的应用前景。

不论是基于近红外荧光[74]、光学相干断层扫描仪以及微超声的光学活检胶囊[75],还是基于多种自主运动和精准定位的组织活检胶囊(如微型夹持器胶囊[76],旋转刮擦组织胶囊[77],微型钳口胶囊[78],细针抽吸式活检胶囊),都能够进一步对病灶做出相对可信的诊断。

治疗型胶囊大致分为2种:一种是药物递送,即采用胶囊存储一定量药物,通过磁线圈相斥[79]、弹出式针头注射(Enterion胶囊)[80]、或超声加强(SonoCAIT胶囊)[66]等方式将药物靶向释放到病灶位置,从而避免浪费和副反应;而另一思路则是通过光、电或是机械运动对相关消化系疾病进行物理治疗,目前已经报道的此类胶囊包括通过自身球囊膨胀帮助减重的胃减容胶囊[81]、用于治疗幽门螺杆菌的蓝光胶囊[82]、物理振动用于治疗功能性便秘的振动胶囊[83]、恒流电信号刺激肠壁的无线电刺激胶囊[84]以及通过压力或释放止血夹进行治疗的止血胶囊[85-86],该类治疗型胶囊具有非侵入性、损伤小的特点,值得进一步探索与运用。

6 胶囊内镜培训

与传统内窥镜不同,胶囊内镜对操作者的内镜操作能力要求不高,但对操作者的阅片和报告能力做出了一定的要求;由于操作者经验的不同,对阅读视频和相关技术处理的能力掌握不同,该能力的差异对胶囊内镜诊断的准确率有很大的影响[87]

已有研究证实规范化操作培训能够提升胶囊内镜的检查水平与诊断能力,但统一的胶囊内镜培训标准尚未形成[88-89]

美国胃肠内镜学会和欧洲胃肠内镜学会分别于2013年和2017年推出了胶囊内镜培训课程,设定了培训的最低要求和学员考核评价体系[90-91]。其建议授课教员有一定的光学内镜操作经验[92],具体的培训方法包括理论教学、操作培训、阅片培训以及考核评估4个部分。

其中理论课程授课内容包括胶囊内镜的技术与设备的研发、适应证与禁忌证、并发症及处理、胃肠道准备、消化道的正常解剖结构(包括变异、常见病灶及其鉴别诊断)以及使用标准术语形成报告等。操作培训的时间应不低于整个课程培训时间的50%。阅片训练建议学员首先辨认正常的解剖结构,随后阅读常见病变的图像,最后阅读罕见病变的图像以提高学员对病变的识别能力与报告的规范化水平。学员在培训结束后需要通过理论和实践双重考核,但后续的跟踪评估以及继续教育制度仍然有待建立。

胶囊内镜规范化操作的技能要求主要在于阅片能力的提升,而人工智能阅片技术的出现将大幅度提高非医师操作者的比例,从而进一步拓宽胶囊内镜的应用范围。人工智能在胶囊内镜中的应用不仅能提升检查的灵敏度,减少阅片与形成报告的时间,还能在特殊环境下提供远程阅片的机会,是胶囊内镜规范化操作未来发展不可忽略的重要组成部分[93]

7 总结与展望

经过20年的发展,胶囊内镜不断拓展其运用的深度与广度,成为消化道疾病的重要检查方式。胶囊内镜在完善小肠疾病检查的基础上延伸至全消化道的检查、从被动观察变为磁场主动控制、并在诊断的基础上向治疗方向发展,不断增加其临床应用价值,有着广阔的运用前景。随着适配软件的进步,胶囊内镜融合人工智能、5G等技术,在互联网大数据时代有着全新的诠释,于新冠疫情期间展现其“无接触”“零风险”的优势。

此外,胶囊内镜的规范化管理也步入正轨,在诊疗流程、并发症的处理、培训与准入制度的建设、评价体系的建立等方面均不断完善。胶囊内镜在短短数十年间有着如此卓越成绩,相信在不久的将来胶囊内镜会在消化道智能诊断中拥有无限可能,为人类的健康做出贡献。

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#插入话题
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    2022-01-20 查查佳佳

    同道临床参考,不当之处,敬请指正。另外,科室吴璋萱医师对指南声

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1262275, encodeId=36cc12622e575, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0ceb30545e0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#内镜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30545, encryptionId=0ceb30545e0, topicName=内镜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Fri Jan 21 13:42:01 CST 2022, time=2022-01-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1578962, encodeId=c45415e896210, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f67c84046a9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胶囊内镜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84046, encryptionId=f67c84046a9, topicName=胶囊内镜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d72b16466570, createdName=124986d2m14暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Jan 21 13:42:01 CST 2022, time=2022-01-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1186332, encodeId=134d1186332dd, content=同道临床参考,不当之处,敬请指正。另外,科室吴璋萱医师对指南声, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIrrxxDxnLic8t6EAs38Qfwo6H2h6JMleIgb9OSYf6LMnVDkQEqUXWoSDWboibjhOBI9SJDTXweqQIA/132, createdBy=50aa5321359, createdName=查查佳佳, createdTime=Thu Jan 20 09:09:04 CST 2022, time=2022-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1186311, encodeId=71751186311e7, content=小型化,智能化,越来越不需要人了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3c2b1620925, createdName=泽9867, createdTime=Thu Jan 20 08:18:14 CST 2022, time=2022-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1186272, encodeId=9a4211862e285, content=好厉害, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4d585243593, createdName=光明骑士, createdTime=Thu Jan 20 07:16:06 CST 2022, time=2022-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1186267, encodeId=84b7118626e10, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b7a31928393, createdName=学医无涯, createdTime=Thu Jan 20 05:27:45 CST 2022, time=2022-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1186223, encodeId=be40118622370, content=学习<a href='/topic/show?id=23e3454e353' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#学习#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45473, encryptionId=23e3454e353, topicName=学习)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a1646442901, createdName=ms4000001513304915, createdTime=Wed Jan 19 23:41:40 CST 2022, time=2022-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1186201, encodeId=cb97118620198, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83er6Gnp47UKDBUh7BiadBKe2SjdBiaibNuYmwTGkrrE34N3iaoneZnFibSziaXicAMbqIkTod8ibbI9nTwOB7w/0, createdBy=9fa32173975, createdName=兰亭序123, createdTime=Wed Jan 19 22:56:19 CST 2022, time=2022-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-01-20 泽9867

    小型化,智能化,越来越不需要人了

    0

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    2022-01-20 光明骑士

    好厉害

    0

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    2022-01-20 学医无涯

    学习一下

    0

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    2022-01-19 ms4000001513304915

    学习#学习#

    0

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    2022-01-19 兰亭序123

    学习了

    0

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