Lancet子刊:直肠内给NSAIDs对ERCP后胰腺炎的预防作用(USCORE研究)

2020-04-16 MedSci MedSci原创

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP) ,是目前微创治疗胆胰疾病的主要手段之一。这项技术于1968 年由McCune等首次报道,标志着诊断ERCP技术的诞生。1974年日本学者Kawai及德国Classen

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP) ,是目前微创治疗胆胰疾病的主要手段之一。这项技术于1968 年由McCune等首次报道,标志着诊断ERCP技术的诞生。1974年日本学者Kawai及德国Classen教授等相继报道了内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术用于治疗胆总管结石,标志着治疗性ERCP的开端。目前ERCP技术已从一种诊断性技术发展为胆管、胰腺疾病微创治疗的重要技术之一,被誉为“二十世纪微创外科的典范”。

但是,急性胰腺炎是一种无法预测的严重内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)的并发症,即使内镜操作由经验丰富的医师进行,也无法完全避免急性胰腺炎的发生。急性胰腺炎的发病率较高,在少数情况下能导致死亡。

尽管随着ERCP技术的进展,人们对ERCP术后胰腺炎的危险因素的认识的增加,以及非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs)(经直肠给药)和胰管支架置入术等预防性干预措施的应用,ERCP后胰腺炎的风险仍未得到减轻。虽然在2010年前,就有大量研究关注NSAIDs对ERCP后的胰腺炎的预防作用,但是仍然存在较多的争议。

因此,迫切需要预防ERCP后急性胰腺炎的有效措施的推出,这一点对于胰腺炎高危患者而言尤为重要。

在各种非甾体抗炎药中,只有吲哚美辛和双氯芬酸(磷脂酶A2强效抑制剂)对ERCP术后胰腺炎具有特殊的保护作用。高质量的研究表明直肠用NSAIDs对预防ERCP后胰腺炎是有效的,但确切的潜在机制却尚不清楚。这次研究目的了解是否较高剂量的NSAIDs(经直肠给药)会更好地预防胰腺炎ERCP,我们还需要了解预防胰腺炎的药代动力学机制。

吲哚美辛(经直肠给药)和双氯芬酸(经直肠给药)的半衰期为1-2 h,其活性代谢物的半衰期为1-4 h。此外,NSAIDs(尤其是双氯芬酸)主要通过具有高度多态性的细胞色素P450 2C9(CYP2C9)的羟基化作用进行代谢,因此,细胞代谢率不是一个恒定数值,也因此可能产生不同的药物水平。

什么时候使用NSAIDs药物效果最佳是学术界争论不休的一个问题,一些研究显示不管是在ERCP前进行单次直肠给药(吲哚美辛或双氯芬酸),还是在ERCP后立马给药,有效性几乎无差异。而另一些研究则认为在ERCP术前给药效果更佳。回顾性和一些小型研究的初步证据表明,高剂量的NSAIDs(经直肠给药)可能更有效地预防ERCP术后胰腺炎。

这些初步研究结果激起了人们极大的兴趣,但是缺少高质量的研究证据。

因此,Evan Fogel及其同事开展了一项大型多中心随机对照研究USCORE研究,研究结果发表在2019年11月成功刊登于Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology上。研究假设初始高剂量的吲哚美辛能使药物的治疗水平更高,而后续的第二剂药物能使患者状态更稳定,理论上来说能更有效预防ERCP后胰腺炎。

USCORE研究是随机、双盲试验比较了传统100mg吲哚美辛(直肠给药)与更高剂量(200mg,给药方案:在ERCP术后立刻给与150mg作为首次剂量,4h后再次给予50mg)吲哚美辛在预防ERCP术后胰腺炎中的区别。

在2013年7月9日到2018年3月22日期间,1037名符合条件的患者入组,并随机分配接受标准剂量(n=515)或高剂量吲哚美辛(n=522)。1037例患者中141例(14%)发生ERCP后的胰腺炎--标准剂量吲哚美辛组515例患者中76例(15%)和高剂量吲哚美辛组522例患者中65例(12%)发生了ERCP后的胰腺炎(风险比[RR]1.19,95% CI 0.87-1.61;p=0.32)。

我们观察到19例可能归因于研究药物的不良事件。在1037名患者中,标准剂量吲哚美辛组515名患者中有14名(1%)发生临床显著出血,高剂量吲哚美辛组522名患者中有8名(2%)发生临床显著出血(p=0.79)。大剂量吲哚美辛组522例患者中,3例(1%)发生急性肾脏损伤,而标准剂量组没有(p=0.25)。标准剂量吲哚美辛组在ERCP后2天发生非ST段抬高心肌梗死。高剂量吲哚美辛组在ERCP后5天发生了一例短暂性缺血性发作。除了141例ERCP后发生胰腺炎的患者外,所有19例不良事件都被认为是严重的,因为所有患者都需要入院治疗。我们观察到在30天的随访中没有出现过敏反应或死亡。

与标准的100mg治疗方案相比,剂量升级至直肠吲哚美辛200mg并没有带来任何优势,高危患者中胰腺炎的发病率仍然较高。目前的做法应继续保持不变。进一步的研究应考虑非甾体类抗炎药的药代动力学,以确定预防ERCP后胰腺炎的最佳给药时机。

实际上,在本试验中,共1037位参与者中有793位(76%)接受了胰管支架置入,还有许多患者在术后接受了静脉输液,尽管被给予了这些综合预防,仍有141(14%)名患者在ERCP后发展出了胰腺炎。表明,PEP的发生的机制可能我们仍然没有完整的认识。

事实上,还有另一项随机对照试验也得出相似的结论,在162名接受ERCP的患者中比较了200mg吲哚美辛(直肠给药)与100mg吲哚美辛(直肠给药)对预防ERCP术后胰腺炎有效性。200mg吲哚美辛组的给药方案为:分两次给药,第一次给药(100mg)于ERCP术前4-5h,第二次给药在术后(即刻给予100mg)。结果同样发现:高剂量的吲哚美辛对ERCP术后胰腺炎发生率无任何影响。

上述两项研究表明,NSAIDs对预防ERCP术后胰腺炎的效果可能无剂量依赖性。但是,NSAIDs的给药时间是否重要?吲哚美辛和双氯芬酸是否有相似的疗效?这些问题仍然没有回答。Lancet子刊的评论中给出上述观点。

事实上,梅斯医学(MedSci)小编认为,还有重要的问题需要回答:NSAIDs对预防ERCP术后胰腺炎真的有用吗?事实上,上述两项研究发现不同剂量NSAIDs对预防ERCP术后胰腺炎无差异,无法表明NSAIDs对预防ERCP术后胰腺炎有用,也许,无论高低剂量,均没有预防作用。

实际上,梅斯小编刚刚检索文献发现,刚刚发表了一项meta分析,分析直肠内给予indomethacin 对ERCP术后胰腺炎(PEP)的影响。共综述了3项RCT研究结果,共2244例病人,但是并没有发现直肠内给药对PEP具有保护作用,无论是预防PEP的发生,还是致死率或是总的不良事件,都没有影响。

这些研究似乎提醒我们,我们此前对PEP的认知,以及对机制的认识,可能方向有误。也许,NSAIDs药物并不能预防PEP!至少吲哚美辛的价值不大。双氯芬酸在预防ERCP术后胰腺炎中的作用还可以进一步进行研究。如果是机制层面问题,我们可能需要寻找新的方向了。

总之,预防ERCP术后胰腺炎的有效方案,还有很长的路要走。

原始出处:

Surinder Singh Rana,High-dose NSAIDs and pancreatitis after ERCP: more is not always better.Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30359-0.

Fogel EL, Lehman GA, Tarnasky P, Cote GA, Schmidt SE, Waljee AK, Higgins PDR, Watkins JL, Sherman S, Kwon RSY, Elta GH, Easler JJ, Pleskow DK, Scheiman JM, El Hajj II, Guda NM, Gromski MA, McHenry L Jr, Arol S, Korsnes S, Suarez AL, Spitzer R, Miller M, Hofbauer M, Elmunzer BJ; US Cooperative for Outcomes Research in Endoscopy (USCORE). Rectal indometacin dose escalation for prevention of pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in high-risk patients: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial.Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Feb;5(2):132-141. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30337-1.

Aziz M, Ghanim M, Sheikh T, Sharma S, Ghazaleh S, Fatima R, Khan Z, Lee-Smith W, Nawras A. Rectal indomethacin with topical epinephrine versus indomethacin alone for preventing Post-ERCP pancreatitis - A systematic review and meta-analysis.Pancreatology. 2020 Apr;20(3):356-361. doi: 10.1016/j.pan.2020.02.003

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    2020-12-22 d830372
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    2020-06-14 howi
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    2020-10-05 wjywjy
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    2020-04-18 cooco
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    2020-04-18 amyloid
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    2020-04-18 JR19860224
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