J. Virol.:临床前研究研究证实水泡性口炎病毒可杀死胰腺肿瘤

2012-03-23 towersimper 生物谷

在胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, PDA)小鼠模式动物中,将病毒注入在肿瘤内阻止一些胰腺肿瘤进一步生长,且能消灭其他胰腺肿瘤。然而,还有一些肿瘤在接受这种治疗后能够继续生长,这就证实它们对这些病毒已产生抵抗能力。相关研究结果发表在2012年3月那期Journal of Virology期刊上。 大约95%的胰腺癌是胰腺导管腺癌(PDA)。PDA被认

在胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, PDA)小鼠模式动物中,将病毒注入在肿瘤内阻止一些胰腺肿瘤进一步生长,且能消灭其他胰腺肿瘤。然而,还有一些肿瘤在接受这种治疗后能够继续生长,这就证实它们对这些病毒已产生抵抗能力。相关研究结果发表在2012年3月那期Journal of Virology期刊上。
大约95%的胰腺癌是胰腺导管腺癌(PDA)。PDA被认为是最为致命性肿瘤之一,五年生存率只有8-20%。
在这项研究中,美国北卡罗来纳大学夏洛特分校Valery Z. Grdzelishvili领导的一个研究小组测试几种病毒治疗胰腺肿瘤的能力,其中特别是一种经常在实验室中使用的病毒,即水泡性口炎病毒(vesicular stomatitis virus,VSV)。以前的研究已证实在一些胰腺癌模式动物中,包括腺病毒、疱疹病毒和呼肠孤病毒(reovirus)在内的一些其他病毒能够杀死胰腺癌细胞。
VSV有几种属性使得它很有潜力作为一种溶瘤病毒(oncolytic virus)。首先,不像一些其他病毒(包括腺病毒),VSV复制不需要癌细胞表达一种特异性受体以便来感染这个细胞,因此它能够感染几乎任何癌细胞。第二,VSV复制是在宿主细胞的胞质中发生的,这意味着它不存在将健康的宿主细胞转变为癌细胞的风险。第三,VSV病毒基因组容易操纵,这使得人们容易调节外源基因表达水平从而增加该病毒对特定癌症的特异性和杀死性。第四,不像一些其他病毒,人类事先并不存在对VSV的免疫性。
在这项研究中,研究人员测试了几种VSV病毒变异株抵抗13个临床相关的PDA细胞系(都是从病人中获得的,其中包括原发性PDA肿瘤和转移到肝脏和淋巴结的PDA转移瘤)的能力,并将它们的抵抗能力与腺病毒、仙台病毒(Sendai virus)和呼吸道合胞体病毒(respiratory syncytial virus)进行比较。
“总体而言,VSV病毒变异株要比其他病毒表现出更好的溶瘤能力,而且一些抵抗感其他病毒的PDA细胞系能够被VSV病毒成功地消灭掉”,Grdzelishvili说,“然而,我们发现PDA细胞系在对病毒诱导的癌细胞溶解的敏感性上存在着令人吃惊的异质性,而且一些细胞系对所有用来测试的病毒都产生抵抗力。”他说,在产生干扰素并对它作出反应过程中,很多胰腺癌似乎保持着正常的抗病毒反应,而这种抗病毒反应正是正常的健康细胞用来抵抗病毒的。
Grdzelishvili强调,在小鼠模式动物中,VSV能够杀死癌细胞,但是这决不能保证它在癌症病人体内也发挥着类似作用,原因在于复杂的肿瘤微环境以及病人免疫应答受到破坏。在大多数模式动物中,人们只是简单地将人癌细胞插入到动物皮肤下面,这样癌症和它们所处的环境都非常不同于癌症在人身上自然生长时的情形。
然而,在实验室盘碟中抵抗病毒的癌细胞几乎肯定也在病人体内抵抗病毒治疗,这就意味着在病人接受治疗前,只需用简单的实验室测试就可鉴定出这些抗病毒癌症。
“事先筛选对抗一系列不同病毒的细胞可能鉴定出一种治疗特定病毒的最好方法”,Grdzelishvili说。组合病毒治疗(combined virotherapy, 类似于药物联合治疗)有可能潜在性地导致病毒提高杀死癌症的能力。“理解癌症抵抗病毒的机制和生物标记分子是成功地开发出预先筛选方法和抗PDA肿瘤个人化溶瘤病毒治疗的关键”,Grdzelishvili说
 

doi:10.1128/​JVI.05640-11

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus as an Oncolytic Agent against Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Andrea M. Murphy, Dahlia M. Besmer, Megan Moerdyk-Schauwecker, Natascha Moestl, David A. Ornelles, Pinku Mukherjee and Valery Z. Grdzelishvili

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a promising oncolytic agent against a variety of cancers. However, it has never been tested in any pancreatic cancer model. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the most common and aggressive form of pancreatic cancer. In this study, the oncolytic potentials of several VSV variants were analyzed in a panel of 13 clinically relevant human PDA cell lines and compared to conditionally replicative adenoviruses (CRAds), Sendai virus and respiratory syncytial virus. VSV variants showed oncolytic abilities superior to those of other viruses, and some cell lines that exhibited resistance to other viruses were successfully killed by VSV. However, PDA cells were highly heterogeneous in their susceptibility to virus-induced oncolysis, and several cell lines were resistant to all tested viruses. Resistant cells showed low levels of very early VSV RNA synthesis, indicating possible defects at initial stages of infection. In addition, unlike permissive PDA cell lines, most of the resistant cell lines were able to both produce and respond to interferon, suggesting that intact type I interferon responses contributed to their resistance phenotype. Four cell lines that varied in their permissiveness to VSV-ΔM51 and CRAd dl1520 were tested in mice, and the in vivo results closely mimicked those in vitro. While our results demonstrate that VSV is a promising oncolytic agent against PDA, further studies are needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms of resistance of some PDAs to oncolytic virotherapy.

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