糖尿病、冠心病、慢性疼痛都属心身疾病,需精神科医生会诊

2017-07-31 肖蓓 袁蕙芸 澎湃新闻

在刚刚开幕的“仁心济理”第一届综合医院心理健康管理高峰论坛上,上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院心理医学科主任骆艳丽提出,随着人们对心理健康的进一步关注,综合医院临床各科许多常见疾病都可视为心身疾病,如糖尿病、冠心病、慢性疼痛等,心理因素在其疾病发展过程中起到重要作用。如果能够在治疗过程中关注到患者的心理健康,会诊联络精神医学,早期识别心理问题、及时给予干预措施,将对躯体疾病的总体康复起到重要作用。心

在刚刚开幕的“仁心济理”第一届综合医院心理健康管理高峰论坛上,上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院心理医学科主任骆艳丽提出,随着人们对心理健康的进一步关注,综合医院临床各科许多常见疾病都可视为心身疾病,如糖尿病、冠心病、慢性疼痛等,心理因素在其疾病发展过程中起到重要作用。

如果能够在治疗过程中关注到患者的心理健康,会诊联络精神医学,早期识别心理问题、及时给予干预措施,将对躯体疾病的总体康复起到重要作用。

心身疾病是什么

据骆艳丽介绍,曾经有位56岁、明确诊断患有甲亢的女患者,其母亲是老年痴呆患者。这位病人的甲亢临床表现,如多食、消瘦、乏力、怕热、易怒等,随着其母亲住到她家里症状明显加重。而当其母亲住到养老院后,病人甲亢症状及甲状腺功能就会变得相对正常。当时恰逢心理科和内分泌科开展会诊联络,所以在她的治疗开始时,心理科就介入到治疗方案的制定中。

心理科医生对该甲亢患者做了详细的临床访谈,了解到在她的发病过程中,成长经历、性格特征以及现实层面的压力都起了重要作用。在她的成长经历中,妈妈从小到大对她的要求非常高,“凡事自我要求高,追求完美,亲力亲为,对他人也要求高”成为其自身性格特征。在现实层面上,由于她在单位是部门领导,一方面希望能够把工作完美做好,一方面又希望能够照顾好妈妈,以免留有遗憾,因此每当母亲住到她家里时,她就倍感压力,精疲力竭。

根据她的这些特点,心理科和内分泌科平行治疗,及时制定个体化方案,使用药物改善焦虑情绪和睡眠,用心理治疗帮助她认识到自己的性格特征、成长经历以及工作生活压力对甲亢的影响,到目前为止该患者的治疗非常顺利。

骆艳丽说,在某些因素诱导下,患有原发性高血压、十二指肠溃疡、溃疡性结肠炎、支气管哮喘、甲状腺机能亢进等疾病的患者容易加重原有躯体疾病。

所谓心身疾病,是指在具有躯体疾病的基础上,心理社会因素也在该疾病的发生、发展、加重和缓解过程中起重要作用。最早的经典心身疾病主要有精神分析家Franz Alexander提出的原发性高血压、十二指肠溃疡、溃疡性结肠炎、支气管哮喘、甲状腺机能亢进等。

骆艳丽强调,作为综合医院的心理医学科医生,不仅要关注“病”,更要关注“人”,即加强会诊-联络精神医学迫在眉睫。目前国内外大量研究证实:会诊联络精神医学在综合医院的疾病治疗过程中具有非常重要的作用,可以有效缩短平均住院天数,降低医疗费用,并且有利于预防疾病复发,提高患者生活质量。

“望闻问切”读懂人心

在很多人眼里,精神科医生似乎有“读心术”,通过聊天就能找到患者心理问题的症结。其实,心理科就诊看似是医生与患者的一次简单的交流,然而专业的心理科医师会通过“望—闻—问—切”全面了解患者的病情。

心理科医生究竟怎么读懂人心?骆艳丽说,望——五官动作。心理疾病常常情绪外显于表情。焦虑症患者长期紧张担心害怕各种事情,故常见眉头紧皱,严重者眉间呈Ω形。社交焦虑者拒绝直视他人,眼神闪躲。抑郁者因思维缺乏、情绪低落,故常见双眼无神、缺乏眼神交流、不苟言笑。不同疾病者动作行为亦不尽相同。坐立不安者常见于焦虑,眼光易被外界事物吸引者常见于躁狂,动作少而迟缓者常见于抑郁,动作怪异者常见于精神分裂症。

闻——语速语量。问诊固然是了解病情最重要方式,关注其言语方式亦是协助诊断之法。焦虑症患者担心之事甚多,故常多次反复表达心中忧虑之事或躯体不适之处,且事无巨细,语量多语速快。抑郁症患者思维贫乏,语量少,语速慢,常发叹息声,言语交流回答前常有停顿。躁狂患者因存在思维奔逸,即大量想法涌入大脑,来不及表达,其语速之快远超焦虑者。另有精神分裂症患者可表现为语句无连贯性等。

问——旧病旧时。心理科医生与患者交流时不仅需要了解患者发病过程,同时要进行精神系统检查,包括一般情况、感知觉、思维、情感、意志和行为、智力、自知力等。其中情感为轻重症心理疾病最常见的临床表现,比如大家所熟知的,情绪低落见于抑郁者,紧张担心见于焦虑者,情绪高涨异于常人见于躁狂者。

问诊需强调旧病及旧时,旧病指患者是否合并躯体疾病,临床上考虑用药,药物相互作用是其依据之一,抗抑郁药物与其他药物之间的相互作用,可导致药物的血药浓度发生改变,如有些药物可引起血凝度升高,服用抗凝药物者不可服用。旧时,是指患者过去的生活及情感经历。与内外科不同,心理科更关注患者的过往经历,也许是童年的受虐经历,也许是家庭的极端教育方式,也许是生活工作中的受挫,都有可能导致不良情绪的爆发。了解患者发病的根源有助于决定进一步的治疗方案。

切——心理评估。非器质性病因的心理疾病常常无法通过血液、影像学等检查发现“端倪”,心理科的切诊需借助工具——心理评估量表,了解其情绪特点、性格特征、过往经历等。网络上常有各式各样的“心理测验”,然而大部分并没有科学依据。心理评估量表的测试方式均有规定的使用方法,需要专业人员指导进行测试,因此切勿盲目相信网络上的人格测试、焦虑抑郁测试等,若怀疑自己患有心理方面的疾病,应及时就诊,通过专业的判断诊断,尽早治疗,大部分心理问题均可得到缓解。

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    2017-08-01 130****4638

    学习了谢谢分享

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    2017-07-31 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习学习,继续关注

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