Acta Neuropathologica: 线粒体一碳代谢酶SHMT2的损伤引起一种新型脑和心脏发育综合征

2020-10-15 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

先天性的代谢错误常引起广泛的神经发育和神经退行性疾病。位于氨基酸和叶酸代谢途径交叉点的一种关键酶是SHMT2,它是丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶的线粒体形式。

先天性的代谢错误常引起广泛的神经发育和神经退行性疾病。位于氨基酸和叶酸代谢途径交叉点的一种关键酶是SHMT2,它是丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶的线粒体形式。SHMT2在一系列反应中执行第一步,这些反应提供了与线粒体中叶酸类物质共价结合的一碳单位:它将一个碳单元从丝氨酸转移到四氢叶酸(THF),生成甘氨酸和5,10-甲基-THF。

方法:利用全外显子组测序(WES),我们鉴定了来自四个不同家族的五个个体的双等位基因SHMT2变异体。所有鉴定的变异体都位于保守残基中,在对照数据库(gnomAD,ExAC)中要么缺失要么极其罕见,并基于隐性遗传模式(该基因的pRec = 0.9918)共分离。在F1家族中,一个存在于两个受累兄弟姐妹中的纯合子错义变体位于没有杂合性的区域(约10MB,两个兄弟姐妹共享的唯一大于1MB的区域),在该区域中没有发现其他候选变体,这为这些变体的因果关系提供了强有力的遗传证据。这些变体的错义/框内缺失性质,以及对照数据库中功能缺失的纯合子个体,再加上SHMT2的完全丧失对小鼠胚胎是致命的这一事实,表明这些变体可能导致亚型效应。利用SHMT2蛋白的3D分子动力学模型,我们得出结论,这些候选变体可能改变SHMT2寡聚化过程,和/或破坏活性位点的构象,从而对SHMT2的酶功能产生有害影响。

所有患者表现出相似的表型,其特征是眼睑裂长、下眼睑外侧三分之一外翻、眉毛弓形、睫毛长、上唇薄、中长、第五鳍短、指尖肉质垫、2-3趾指关节轻度和拇指低位。所有患者均表现为智能障碍和运动功能障碍,表现为痉挛性肢体瘫痪、共济失调和/或周围神经病变。另外,五分之四的患者表现为肥厚性心肌病或房间隔缺损,随着时间的推移,这些疾病往往会恶化。所有患者均表现为先天性小头畸形;MRI显示所有患者胼胝体异常,P1-P4患者可见侧裂周围多发性小脑回样改变。患者4的股四头肌和心肌活检显示肌病性改变,心肌活检显示"参差不齐的红色"纤维,提示线粒体有缺陷。

为了评估SHMT2变异体的致病性,我们对患者来源的原代成纤维细胞进行功能测试。成纤维细胞中SHMT2蛋白水平没有明显改变。虽然血浆中的所有代谢物都在正常范围内,但与对照组相比,受累个体的成纤维细胞的甘氨酸/丝氨酸比值显著降低。叶酸代谢也受到损害:患者的5-甲基四氢叶酸水平相对于总叶酸水平升高。SHMT2四氢叶酸(THF)底物在富含线粒体的对照成纤维细胞样本中无法检测到,但在患者成纤维细胞的提取物中可检测到该分子的低水平。这些数据支持这些患者SHMT2酶功能受损。因为叶酸和丝氨酸是正确的线粒体翻译所必需的,所以我们验证了线粒体OXPHOS复合物的水平,这些复合物没有变化。

综上所述,我们描述了一种与心脏缺陷相关的神经发育、综合征性脑病和运动障碍。尽管严重程度有一定程度的变化,但所有个体的临床表现都是一致的,从而建立了一个明确的、可识别的叶酸和氨基酸代谢缺陷的临床综合征。

García-Cazorla, À., Verdura, E., Juliá-Palacios, N. et al. Impairment of the mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism enzyme SHMT2 causes a novel brain and heart developmental syndrome. Acta Neuropathol (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-020-02223-w

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    2021-01-24 yb6560
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    2021-03-02 windight
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    2020-10-17 neurowu
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