CAR-T细胞免疫疗法临床研究与伦理审查实践

2020-10-29 廖红舞,等 中国医学伦理学

CAR-T细胞免疫疗法仍属于新兴技术,在目前开展的临床研究中,其技术标准、临床疗效与潜在风险尚需长期更多数据的积累。如何合理开展临床研究,使患者尽快安全、有效地获益于CAR-T细胞免疫疗法,仍需不断探

CAR-T细胞免疫疗法仍属于新兴技术,在目前开展的临床研究中,其技术标准、临床疗效与潜在风险尚需长期更多数据的积累。如何合理开展临床研究,使患者尽快安全、有效地获益于CAR-T细胞免疫疗法,仍需不断探索。笔者结合CAR-T细胞免疫疗法临床研究的发展、国内外细胞治疗临床研究的监管制度及所在中心临床研究伦理审查的实践,探讨CAR-T细胞免疫疗法临床研究的伦理审查要点,为在目前阶段及现行法规下促进我国细胞类产品临床研究规范开展,保障受试者安全与权益提供参考。

1 CAR-T细胞免疫疗法概况

1.1 CAR-T细胞免疫疗法与临床研究

CAR-T细胞免疫疗法的概念最早在1989年提出,属于过继免疫治疗的一种,目前已发展至第四代技术,它是通过导入CAR基因修饰患者的T细胞,并将构建的这种CAR-T细胞经体外扩增、纯化后回输,从而达到靶向杀伤肿瘤细胞,治疗疾病的目的。2017年美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准了2项以CD19 为靶点的CAR-T细胞治疗产品(Kymriah和Yescarta)上市,成为CAR-T技术产品从临床研究走向临床应用许可的历史性的里程碑事件,也吸引了众多研究机构与医药企业进一步对CAR-T临床研究的投入。

我国在CAR-T细胞免疫技术领域起步相对较晚,但近年来发展趋势迅猛。截至2019年2月,我国登记的CAR-T临床研究项目有220余项,仅次于美国。但限于目前的科学认知与临床研究经验,CAR-T细胞免疫疗法的研究和其他创新疗法一样,在高速发展过程中存在很多不确定性及未知的风险,其常见的不良反应为细胞因子释放综合征和CAR-T细胞相关脑病综合征,如果不能很好监控,甚至会威胁生命[1]。此外,CAR-T细胞免疫疗法还可能导致脱靶效应、神经毒性、肿瘤溶解综合征及因基因整合或细胞复制可能带来的二次肿瘤的潜在风险,对临床研究的探索与科学监管带来巨大的挑战。

1.2 国内外细胞治疗临床研究的监管制度

目前国际上对细胞治疗临床研究的监督管理主要采取3种模式[2-3]:

① 美国和欧盟在管理上将免疫细胞治疗作为人体细胞及组织产品或体细胞治疗产品的一种,纳入药品监管体系。2005年美国联邦政府颁布的《人体细胞及组织产品的管理规定》,根据研究的风险等级,采用分层管理模式。欧盟于2008年12月30日实行《先进治疗医药产品管理规定》,将细胞免疫治疗的研究作为体细胞治疗产品的一种纳入其药品监管体系,由其成立的专业委员会进行评审;

② 澳大利亚药品管理部门部分采纳了美国FDA和欧洲药品管理局的模式,将干细胞治疗和基因修饰的细胞研究纳入生物制品管理,而对医疗机构针对个体开展的细胞治疗排除在外;

③ 日本将免疫细胞治疗实行双轨制管理,以注册上市为目的的细胞治疗产品由药品管理部门监管,而只在医疗机构开展的免疫细胞疗法由卫生行政部门管理。

相比于欧美等国在细胞技术的研究与监管制度的探索[4],我国起步相对较晚,很长一段时间以来,细胞免疫疗法按第三类医疗技术进行管理,在临床研究与应用中一度带来混乱[5]。随着国内监管部门对细胞治疗技术认识的不断深入以及我国加入人用药物注册技术要求国际协调会议-药物临床试验质量管理规范(International Council for Harmonization-Good Clinical Practice,ICH-GCP)的推动下,国家食品药品监督管理总局于2017年12月发布了《细胞制品研究与评价技术指导原则(试行)》[6],以进一步规范和指导细胞类产品的研究、开发与评价。细胞治疗产品按照药品管理的要求,在GMP条件下生产并按GCP要求开展注册临床试验,已成为国家监管部门的共识。同时,借鉴细胞治疗临床研究在美、欧、日等发达经济体以多种方式开始进入临床应用的管理经验,为规范并加快细胞治疗学科的发展, 2019年2月26日,国家卫健委发布了《生物医学新技术临床应用管理条例(征求意见稿)》[7],提出了生物医学新技术临床研究实行分级管理,明确了对临床研究预期成果为药品的仍按照《药品管理理法》管理。2019年3月29日,针对由医疗机构研发、制备并在本医疗机构内开展的体细胞治疗临床研究,国家卫健委起草了《体细胞治疗临床研究和转化应用管理办法(试行)》(征求意见稿)[8],提出了与产业化前景明显的细胞治疗产品错位发展;规定了开展体细胞治疗临床研究的医疗机构与研究项目应当进行备案;对于质量管理体系不符合要求、项目人员不能有效履职、擅自更改研究方案、不及时报告严重不良事件、差错、事故、项目进展报告等情形的研究予以暂停整改。针对未完成备案擅自开展研究、整改不合格,违反研究规范和伦理原则、损害受试者权益、非法广告宣传等情形的研究,责令其停止,予以通报批评,并按照有关法律法规的规定进行处理。至此,从2017年指导原则(试行)的颁布到2019年征求意见稿的发出,国内对细胞治疗临床研究监管的“双轨制”方向已基本确立。

2 CAR-T细胞免疫疗法临床研究的伦理审查与实践

2.1 明确资质,规范开展

由于前期国家监管机制尚未健全,目前我国大部分医疗机构CAR-T细胞免疫治疗研究仍是以科研课题及研究者发起的研究为主,其存在较大的医疗风险与监管缺失。研究者发起的临床研究,总体上来说受试者总人数和研究中心的数量均较小[9],当这类未完全按照GCP规范开展的非注册研究数据用于药品注册审评时其研究数据的可信性有待考证,受试者的安全也存在较大的风险隐患[10]。

因此,在伦理审查中,基于目前法规,

① 宜对按药品注册申报的CAR-T细胞治疗产品严格按照药品质量管理规范(GCP)、《细胞制品研究与评价技术指导原则(试行)》进行评估,且随着认知的提升,管理部门陆续发布的CAR-T细胞制备的质量管理规范和临床试验设计相关的考虑也是伦理审查的重要参考文件。

② 对于研究者发起的前期小样本探索性研究,也应遵循GCP的相关要求开展,严格伦理审查制度,包括审查主要研究者的资质背景与专业能力,第三方细胞制备公司的资质及前期安全性数据与质控管理,完善临床方案设计、知情同意、风险控制等过程,以增加试验数据的可信性,充分保障受试者安全,为未来的注册研究提供更有力的数据支撑与质量保证。

③对于由医疗机构研发、制备并在本医疗机构内开展的临床研究,为进一步加强监管与促进其合规、高质开展,应参照国家卫健委发布的现行征求意见稿管理办法,并在国家认可的备案机构开展。CAR-T临床研究伦理审查是否能够批准,医疗机构、研究者、实验室的资质是首要确认的要素。

2.2 方案完备、安全实施

回顾我中心伦理委员会在多项CAR-T临床研究审查中对方案提出的修订意见,部分案例如下:

方案中描述“经一次性CAR-T细胞治疗后,可使多数小鼠体内已形成的肿瘤完全消失……”,需补充临床研究前期动物试验的数据、体外杀伤试验、多次给药、长毒、致畸等毒性试验结果;

需核查方案中支原体检测方法是否为药典使用方法;

需补充解冻后回输前的细胞产品成活率;

30小时的运输时间是否过长,能否保证细胞质量,需核实;方案中对于剂量限制性毒性的定义,请研究者核实“持续超过30天”是否准确,如果为了满足剂量限制性毒性的要求对受试者不做干预,需说明如何保证受试者的安全;

需补充及说明连续多次给药的依据,如果CAR-T细胞在血中含量尚可,是否有必要多次频繁给药。

“不科学的研究是不伦理的。”符合公认的科学原理,并有充分的科学文献及前期研究数据以支持临床研究设计是伦理审查的必要条件之一。由于CAR-T产品“活”细胞的生物学特性,加之其取自不同的患者血液,细胞本身个体差异较大,细胞的制备过程、质量控制和药效学研究对临床试验的影响远大于传统的化学或生物大分子药物。因此,在以上案例CAR-T细胞免疫疗法的伦理审查实践中,我中心尤其注意非临床药效学研究与临床研究审查并重,既重视临床中受试者风险管理措施,又谨慎审查前期非临床数据的完备与安全可靠,包括:

 ① 要求申办方在方案中提供完整可靠的非临床研究数据[11],包括细胞制备的可追溯的质量管理规范、体内/外的药效学研究、药代研究、安全性研究(试验动物的选择、一般毒性试验、插入性突变风险等),试验室风险管控(批间差异与交叉污染的检测、细胞放行标准、运输过程等)等。

② 在临床研究设计部分[12],评估其在实现研究科学目的的同时风险是否最小化,如目标适应证人群的选择、入排标准的制定、患者免疫功能、生物标志物、生活质量变化等监测指标的确定、停止的标准、剂量限制性毒性定义、SAE的判断与处理、风险防控预案管理、数据与安全监察、随访计划等。

③ 方案中还应充分评估其是否考虑患者疾病的严重程度、所处阶段以及现有的治疗规范,是否对患者进行足够长时间的持续随访或终身随访,以确定其长期有效性及充分暴露相关的安全性问题[6]。

2.3 知情充分,诚信客观

回顾我中心伦理委员会在多项CAR-T临床研究审查中对知情同意书提出的修订意见,部分案例如下:

研究背景与研究过程介绍复杂,专业术语难以理解,存在诱导性语句及大量与受试者治疗不相关的内容;

该治疗技术是否已用于人体治疗,治疗效果的客观评价数据未提供;

风险告知不全,或不充分,或过于绝对,如,骨髓穿刺的风险未说明,注射CAR-T的移植抗宿主病、未控制的T细胞增生的风险在研究方案中有,在知情同意书中未告知,任何研究都存在未知的风险未告知,“提取的血细胞量有严格控制,所以对于您来说是十分安全的。”描述过于绝对;

受试者是否有替代治疗方案未告知;

隐私部分措辞表述不妥,如“您的隐私非常重要,申办方将用很多防护措施保护您的隐私,然而,也不能确保您的身份将永不为人所知。

知情同意书是受试者权益保护的重要手段,从以上案例及2018年9月报道的首例CAR-T疗法医疗纠纷案,医学伦理基本原则体现在了知情同意书中,伦理委员会审查的主要关注点是知情描述是否遵守了科研诚信、实事求是、充分告知的基本原则,包括审查:

① 知情同意书是否通俗易懂,是否介绍细胞免疫治疗的原理、研究目的与研究过程,清楚表述“临床研究”,而不是以“临床治疗”的说法代替,使受试者在知情同意过程中存在“治疗性误解”。

② 知情同意书要素是否均如实、充分告知。申办方/研究者不应为追寻新的技术与研究成果,或者避重就轻,夸大获益可能,隐瞒潜在风险,诱导患者参加临床研究。这不仅严重违背伦理原则,也会降低受试者的依从性,甚而延误病情,损害受试者利益。

③ 知情同意书是否对CAR-T细胞免疫疗法特有的风险,如细胞因子风暴、脱靶效应、神经毒性、肿瘤溶解综合征、二次肿瘤的风险进行充分告知,知情过程是否公正、合理。

④ 研究中涉及基因信息,是否有防止隐私信息泄露的必要保护措施,是否体现受试者对其基因信息应有保密、维护、支配等相关权利。

⑤ 是否告知受试者目前还可能选择的替代治疗方案,使受试者充分了解研究的风险并遵循完全自愿的原则参与临床试验。

⑥ 费用与赔偿部分是否明确受试者在临床研究过程中不收取任何研究相关费用,如果发生研究相关的严重不良反应,受试者应得到及时免费的治疗,并根据国家法律得到相应的赔偿和经济补偿。

2.4 持续跟踪,降低风险

回顾我中心伦理委员会在多项CAR-T临床研究审查中对严重不良事件(SAE)提出的意见,部分案例如下:

针对该例SAE 需密切关注研究中受试者安全,与实验室进一步讨论分析,核查细胞输入活性阳性率检测方法和稳定性验证,建议降低回输剂量,必要时暂缓入组,修改研究方案;

结合细胞因子水平检测结果,考虑该例SAE为CAR-T细胞相关严重细胞因子释放综合征所致,建议停止该剂量组入组,由药物安全委员会讨论、评估后决定后续剂量的调整,并进行方案修正。

在细胞治疗产品临床试验中,不良反应的频率及严重程度存在很大的不确定性。如上述案例,在伦理审查时应关注事件发生的根本原因,评估其处理措施的合理性,是否需要采取更多保护措施或需要修订方案及知情同意书,必要时组织相关专家、伦理委员进行实地访查,甚至暂停临床研究入组。由于目前尚无预测严重细胞因子释放综合征的有效指标[1],因此伦理审查对于风险控制更需严格谨慎,包括:

①研究者是否具备相应的资质及能力,尤其是利用已有经验对于可能发生细胞因子释放综合征的预防与处理的能力。必要时按照方案风险防控启动应急计划,多学科多团队配合。

②关注上报的严重不良事件是否为预期不良事件,是否与研究相关以及患者转归,全面评估研究中受试者的入组间隔、给药周期的设置是否合理。对发生较大风险可能时,建议逐例入组,甚至停止该剂量组的入组,以尽可能地减低对受试者的安全威胁。

③加强全程监管意识,注重定期跟踪审查的频率与力度,对于风险较大的项目,建议缩短审查频率至3个月或6个月,并提醒研究者按时提交项目进展报告。

2.5 完善机制,提升能力

我中心是国内较早开始CAR-T细胞临床研究的中心之一,至今已开展多项临床试验。如何使临床研究的设计与实施更加符合伦理要求,在受试者安全与权益得到充分保障下尽早获得有意义的研究数据,我中心伦理委员会在审查实践中一直努力探索,并启动系列措施以健全审查机制、提升伦理审查能力,包括:

① 梳理适用于细胞治疗临床研究的各项法规、指南、质量管理规范及相关部门针对CAR-T细胞的具体指导意见,定期组织医学伦理委员会成员对最新法规及政策进行学习。

② 合理选择项目主审委员,在专业上兼顾临床与实验室并重,数量上主审专家不限于2名,必要时聘请独立的专家顾问。

③ 进行阶段性回顾,对审查工作中的代表性案例,近期审查情况再讨论、分析、总结要点。

④ 组织细胞免疫治疗多学科专家组会议,提高专业认知,从多角度确保受试者的安全与权益得到充分考量与讨论,提高对研究风险的辨识能力。

3 总结

综上所述,CAR-T细胞治疗的研究是随着现代分子生物学和免疫学等理论的发展而出现的新型细胞免疫治疗技术,目前对这类技术的风险认知尚不充分。对于CAR-T细胞免疫疗法的临床研究,伦理审查应遵循国家法规,同时借鉴发达国家和地区的监管经验,不断加强对新技术发展的认知,提升审查能力,为推进CAR-T细胞产品及细胞治疗临床研究在国内健康发展保驾护航。

参考文献

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[2]赵蕴华,袁芳.世界主要国家(地区)细胞免疫政策分析[J].全球科技经济瞭望,2018,33 (2) 69-75.

[3]孙耀,张斌,陈虎.中国细胞治疗行业发展现状与前景[J].中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志,2018,25(6) : 549-553.

[4]曹萌,李建平.CAR-T细胞技术产品欧美监管情况探讨[J].中国医药工业杂志,2018,49(10) : 1459 -1464.

[5]刘丹,曾圣雅,周吉银.CAR-T细胞免疫疗法对伦理审查的要求[J].中国医学伦理学,2019,32(1) : 59-62.

[6]细胞治疗产品研究与评价技术指导原则(试行)[EB/OL].(2017-12-22)[2019-05-04].http://samr.cfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL1790/220083.html

[7]生物医学新技术临床应用管理条例( 征求意见稿)[EB/OL].(2019-02-26)[2019-05-04].http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7659/201902/0f24ddc242c24212abc42aa8b539584d.shtml.

[8]国家卫生健康委办公厅.关于征求体细胞治疗临床研究和转化应用管理办法(试行)(征求意见稿)意见的函[EB/OL].(2019-03-29)[2019-05-04].http://www.nhc.gov.cn/wjw/yjzj/201903/01134dee9c5a4661a0b5351bd8a04822.shtml

[9]Gou L,Gao J,Yang H,et al. The landscape of CAR T-cell therapy in the United States and China: a comparative analysis[J].Int J Cancer.2019,144(8) : 2043-2050.

[10]高建超,韦薇,黄云虹,等.非注册类临床试验用于药品注册审评的几点思考[J].中国新药杂志,2018,27(11) : 1249-1253.

[11]孟淑芳,王佑春,雪伶,等.CAR-T细胞治疗产品质量控制检测研究及非临床研究考虑要点[J].中国药事,2018,32( 6) : 831-852.

[12]对嵌合抗原受体T 淋巴细胞治疗淋巴造血系统恶性肿瘤临床试验设计的考虑[EB/OL].(2018-11-23)[2019-05-04].http://www.cde.org.cn/dzkw.do?method=largePage&id=314760.

作者:廖红舞,郝纯毅,张雷,陆婷,周顺连,李洁(北京大学肿瘤医院暨北京市肿瘤防治研究所医学伦理委员会/恶性肿瘤发病机制及转化研究教育部重点实验室) 

选自:中国医学伦理学 2019年10月 第32卷 第10期 1307-1311

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    2021-09-11 仁者大医
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    2021-01-03 可可99

    任重道远!

    0

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    2020-10-31 slcumt
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    2020-10-29 ms4000000561534892

    伦理审查的立足点,标准,规范

    0

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