Cell:肾透明细胞癌的整合蛋白基因组学研究

2019-11-02 章台柳 BioArt

肾细胞癌是世界十大常见的癌症之一,其中75%为肾透明细胞癌(clear cell renal cell carcinoma,ccRCC)并占据了肾细胞癌死亡的绝大部分。为了揭示ccRCC发生的分子机制,TCGA对基因组、表观遗传组、转录组进行分析,鉴定出包括多种抑癌基因缺失在内的ccRCC分子特征。研究显示VHL基因异常是一个普遍性起始事件,随后PBRM1、SETD2、KDM5C、BAP1等突变参

肾细胞癌是世界十大常见的癌症之一,其中75%为肾透明细胞癌(clear cell renal cell carcinoma,ccRCC)并占据了肾细胞癌死亡的绝大部分。为了揭示ccRCC发生的分子机制,TCGA对基因组、表观遗传组、转录组进行分析,鉴定出包括多种抑癌基因缺失在内的ccRCC分子特征。研究显示VHL基因异常是一个普遍性起始事件,随后PBRM1、SETD2、KDM5C、BAP1等突变参与的基因组变化导致疾病进展,并与侵袭性表型相关。这些研究表明除了组织学评估外,可以利用分子特征对ccRCC患者进行分级研究,同时鉴定出ccRCC肿瘤发生的特有基因组特征。

过去认为,ccRCC对传统的化疗和放疗具有抵抗作用,手术切除是局部肿瘤的主要治疗手段。近年来,基因组分析鉴定出一些细胞通路靶点,而且FDA批准了相关药物,但ccRCC患者对这些药物的反应非常有限。这提示肿瘤生成过程非常复杂,基因组、表观遗传组、转录组的单独分析可能不足以全面地鉴定出癌症的类型以确定有效的治疗方法,我们需要开发新的综合性分析策略。

2019年10月31日,来自约翰霍普金斯大学的Hui Zhang和Daniel W. Chan、密歇根大学的Marcin Cieslik和Alexey I. Nesvizhskii 、西奈山伊坎医学院的Pei Wang和临床蛋白质组肿瘤分析协会(Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium)合作在Cell杂志上发表文章Integrated Proteogenomic Characterization of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma,通过对未治疗的ccRCC和配对的癌旁正常组织样本进行基因组、表观遗传组、转录组、蛋白质组、磷酸化蛋白质组学的综合性分析,显示基因组分析鉴定出一个与基因组不稳定性相关的独特分子亚群;蛋白质-基因组学综合性分析鉴定出由基因组改变所导致的蛋白质失调,其中包括参与氧化磷酸化代谢、蛋白质翻译过程和磷酸化信号调控等的蛋白;对肿瘤中免疫细胞浸润程度进行分析,描绘了四种以不同细胞通路为特征的免疫性ccRCC亚型。

研究共收集110个未治疗的RCC样本及84个相配对的癌旁正常组织(NAT)样本,对同一个样本进行基因组、转录组和蛋白组学分析。蛋白组和磷酸化蛋白组学分析分别鉴定出11355种蛋白和42899种磷酸肽,其中7150种蛋白和20976种磷酸肽在所有样品都得到验证。为了确保多重数据的综合分析,对110个肿瘤样本进行全基因组测序、全外显子测序和总RNA测序,其中107个进行DNA甲基化分析,同时75个NAT样本进行总RNA测序。经过组织学评估和分子特征分析后,103例ccRCC和80例NAT样本的数据用于后续分析。

ccRCC的基因组学分析显示染色体水平的变化有:染色体3p的臂水平缺失(93%),染色体5q的增加(54%)、染色体14q的缺失(42%)、染色体7的增加(34%)、染色体9的缺失(21%)。其中,14个ccRCC样本中显示出广泛的拷贝数变异(CNVs),表示基因组的高度不稳定性。而且级别更高的肿瘤显示出高度的基因组不稳定性,这与基因组非整倍体和预后不良有关的报道相一致。61%的ccRCC显示出一种或多种易位事件,主要发生在染色体3q位点和5号染色体(20%)、2号(11%)和8号(7%)等。新型染色体重排t(3:2),即3p缺失和2q增加,与t(3:5)重排相互排斥;染色体倒置同时导致3q的增加和3p缺失。总之,102例ccRCC样本中都显示出3p位点的失调。体细胞突变的分析结果显示,85%的ccRCC中存在VHL的失调,是最常见的突变;PBRM1、BAP1、KDM5C、SETD2的突变比例分别为43%、17%、18%、16%,而且基因突变和DNA甲基化分析显示基因组的失活导致mRNA和蛋白的减少。对启动子CpG岛的甲基化进行分析,根据之前报道的CpG岛甲基化表型标志物(CIMP)进行分类,36例CIMP+肿瘤显示出级别更高、阶段更晚、基因组不稳定性更高等特征。

基因组变化能够通过顺式作用影响同位点的mRNA和蛋白质丰度,通过反式作用影响其他位点。对mRNA、蛋白质和磷酸肽的综合分析,鉴定出对转录水平、翻译水平和翻译后水平都有影响的基因组变化,并鉴定出与肿瘤级别相关、癌与非癌组织间差异表达的基因靶点。例如,与PI3K-mTOR信号相关的SQSTM1、OSBPL3、GOLPH3出现拷贝数变异(反式作用);多能转录因子YY1(反式作用)发生突变。对这些基因组变化进行通路分析,显示染色体3p的缺失导致低氧信号、细胞周期调控和糖酵解的上调,氧化磷酸化、脂肪酸代谢和TCA循环的下调有关;5q的增加导致mTORC1和MYC信号的上调,7p的增加导致蛋白翻译和上皮间充质转移信号的上调;9p缺失导致肿瘤抑制因子CDKN2A缺失,与翻译起始、m TOR、MYC信号上调有关;14q缺失导致WNT信号表达下调,MYC信号、N-糖基化修饰、IFN- γ信号上调。其中75%的CIMP+肿瘤存在14q缺失,而且CIMP+肿瘤显示出MYC信号、蛋白翻译上调的顺式作用,并与氧化磷酸化(OXPHOS)上调和局部粘连减少有相关性。

分析ccRCC癌组织和非癌组织的蛋白表达差异,发现ccRCC中565个蛋白下调,255个蛋白上调,其中免疫反应、EMT、低氧、糖酵解和mTOR信号在肿瘤中上调,TCA循环、脂肪酸代谢和OXPHOS通路下调。糖酵解途径的蛋白和m RNA 的上调具有耦合性;而OXPHOS只有蛋白被下调,其mRNA没有变化,表明OXPHOS的调控发生在翻译水平。通过磷酸肽的丰度分析,鉴定出CDK1、MAPK1(ERK2)是大多数肿瘤中2个排名最高的磷酸-底物事件。与S期进入/进展(CDK7-MCM2)和G2/M检查点(WEE1-CDK1)相关的磷酸化底物在大多数肿瘤中升高;几乎所有的肿瘤都上调EGFR(MAPK的上游受体)的蛋白和磷酸肽表达,而对VEGF受体如FLT和KDR则选择性表达。纵向分析所有肿瘤样本中磷酸肽丰度差异,鉴定出几种磷酸肽共表达网络,包括细胞周期和血管生成两个不依赖于整体蛋白质组和转录组变化的模块。

基于免疫分组的一般特征,并结合转录组学、蛋白质组学的特征,能够对ccRCC进行分型:1)CD8+炎性;2)CD8-炎性;3)VEGF免疫缺乏;4)代谢性免疫缺乏。例如,CD8+炎性肿瘤展现出CD8+ T细胞浸润程度高,免疫逃避标记物PD1、PD-L1、PD-L2、CTLA4等基因表达上调,14号染色体缺失频率较高等特征;CD8-炎性肿瘤展现出天然免疫反应的特征,DC和巨噬细胞居多,补体和凝血级联蛋白表达增加等特征。

肿瘤分级是ccRCC的重要预后指标,通常和肿瘤阶段、肿瘤大小有关。高级别肿瘤中,参与翻译、mTOR信号、EMT等通路的基因在mRNA和蛋白水平均上调,其他细胞通路则在转录组和蛋白组出现非协同性上调,如细胞周期调控和DNA修复的mRNA增加,而OXPHOS和N-糖基化修饰的蛋白增加。低级别的肿瘤表现出受体激酶、RAS、MAPK、Notch、RAP1信号通路等在mRNA和蛋白的增加,同时上调转录相关过程的蛋白表达。根据肿瘤的蛋白组差异将ccRCC分为3组:ccRCC2肿瘤高表达天然免疫和血小板脱颗粒相关的蛋白,ccRCC3上调糖酵解、mTOR信号、低氧相关的蛋白,ccRCC2和ccRCC3和较低的肿瘤级别相关,仅ccRCC2与肿瘤早期相关;ccRCC1上调适应性免疫、N-糖基化修饰、OXPHOS和脂肪酸代谢相关蛋白,与高级别和晚期肿瘤有关。

总的来说,研究报道了利用基因组、表观遗传组、转录组、蛋白质组、磷酸化蛋白质组学等多种技术手段对ccRCC肿瘤进行大规模蛋白-基因组学分析,解释了基因组改变对功能的影响,为从分子病理学角度合理选择治疗方案提供了依据。

原始出处:
David J. Clark, Saravana M. Dhanasekaran, Francesca Petralia, et al.Integrated Proteogenomic Characterization of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.Cell, Vol. 179, Issue 4, p964?83.e31Published in issue: October 31, 2019

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    2020-09-04 xuyu
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    2019-11-20 维他命
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