中美发表气候声明,柳叶刀、BMJ、Science连发重磅:人类健康因气候变化倒退50年

2021-04-19 Oranhgy MedSci原创

天不言而四时行,地不语而百物生。

中美周六(417日)发表声明表示,两国致力于相互合作并与其他国家一道解决气候危机,按其严峻性、紧迫性所要求加以应对。声明介绍:这既包括强化各自行动,也包括在联合国气候变化框架公约和巴黎协定等多边进程中开展合作。

这份声明发表于美国总统气候问题特使克里与中国气候变化事务特使解振华举行会谈之后。针对克里和解振华的会谈,中国生态环境部评价道,双方进行了坦诚、深入、建设性沟通交流,取得积极进展,达成应对气候危机联合声明,重启中美气候变化对话合作渠道

美国总统气候问题特使克里

中美两国还在声明中表示,坚持携手并与其他各方一道加强《巴黎协定》的实施,包括在该协定框架下21世纪20年代采取提高力度的强化行动。

《巴黎协定》是由联合国195个成员国于2015年12月12日在2015年国际气候峰会中通过的气候协议,取代京都议定书,期望能共同遏阻全球变暖趋势,是全球首个具普遍性和法律约束力的全球气候变化协定,它制定了一个全球框架,通过将全球气温增幅限制在远低于2°C并尽力将其限制在1.5°C水平,从而避免危险性气候变化。美国前总统特朗普在上任不久后便宣布美国将退出《巴黎协定》,该国于2020114日正式退出。现任总统拜登上任后签署行政令,宣布美国将重新加入《巴黎协定》。

此外,联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方大会第二十六次会议将于202111月在英国格拉斯哥举行。美中在周六的声明中表示,双方都计划在该大会之前,制定各自旨在实现碳中和/温室气体净零排放的长期战略。 

两国还表示计划采取适当行动,尽可能扩大国际投融资支持发展中国家从高碳化石能源向绿色、低碳和可再生能源转型。声明另外写道:双方将分别执行蒙特利尔议定书基加利修正案中所体现的逐步削减氢氟碳化物生产和消费的措施。氢氟碳化物(HFC)主要被用作汽车空调、冰箱和热泵的制冷剂。

德中法三国领导人先期举行视频峰会

自工业革命时期以来,温室气体浓度持续上升,全球平均气温也随之增加在《柳叶刀》(The Lancet)杂志发布的长达43页的“Lancet Countdown”2019年度报告中指出,全球气候变化最直接的影响是全球平均温度的稳定上升,以及极端温度的频率、强度和持续时间的增加从而引发疾病。

 

DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6

该报告指出,气候变化会引发多种疾病,直接或间接影响人类健康。例如热应激和中暑,急性肾损伤,充血性心力衰竭加重,以及增加人际交往的风险和集体暴力。特别是在极端高温期间,儿童具有高的电解质失衡、发烧、呼吸系统疾病和肾脏疾病的风险。

研究者跟踪对气候变化敏感的疾病的死亡率的趋势。结果显示,尽管随着医疗技术发展因腹泻病、疟疾和蛋白质营养不良而导致的死亡人数已大大减少,但是登革热造成的死亡率继续上升,特别是在东南亚地区。

DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6

 同时,该报告指出,2018年,高温导致的热应激影响了2.2亿老年人口,打破了2015年的记录。

与1986-2005年平均事件数相比,65岁及65岁以上人群的热事应激件数变化

DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6

近日,发表在《科学》(Science)的研究提到,从1999年到2010年,美国疾病控制和预防中心记录了8081例热相关的死亡事件,其中三分之一在65岁以上的人。哥本哈根大学的人类热生理学家Nathan  Bradley  Morris表示,现如今世界上已经有三分之一的人口产生热应激。


Elizabeth Pennisi.Living with heat.DOI: 10.1126/science.370.6518.778

该研究表示,近几个世纪生理学家一直在研究人体对高温的反应。当身体无法抵抗热负荷影响时,就会出现与热有关的疾病,症状从严重程度较轻(例如晕厥)到致命中暑等严重形式不等。

研究人员解释,当内部传感器告诉大脑人体温度正在升高时,下丘脑会发出信号,使靠近皮肤的血管扩张,加强血液循环从而带走热量,皮肤血管舒张增加和静脉张力降低会减少心室充盈,此时,直立位可能会导致脑灌注不足和热晕厥(失去知觉)。此外,出汗可能会造成电解质失衡,并促进热痉挛的发生,即在长时间的高温工作期间或之后,骨骼肌的短暂且痛苦的收缩。

在严重血容量不足的情况下,热量消耗随水分或盐分的耗竭而发展。前者主要是由于液体补充不足引起的,包括口渴、进行性血容量不足和高热。补充出汗引起的水分流失后,盐的消耗占主导,但盐却没有及时补充(例如,通过软饮料),导致低渗性及其后果(例如,细胞肿胀)。

热暴露在健康和疾病中的后果The pathophysiology of heat exposure.DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1051207

特别是在患有代偿性心力衰竭的患者中,暴露于热期间需要更高的心输出量可能会显示心力衰竭:舒张末期容积/压力高,伴有静脉充血、水肿、肌肉/肾脏/肠灌注不足等衰竭症状。

与热有关的疾病最严重的形式是中暑,当体温超过41°C时,通常就会出现神经功能障碍,有时还会出现脱水症。中暑会影响保暖能力受损的对象(例如婴儿和老人),而劳作性中暑发生在健康的年轻人中,在高温环境下进行的高性能活动中。在中暑时,同时表现出全身炎症、分布性/低血脂性循环休克、多器官功能障碍、弥散性血管内凝血病、电解质、pH和渗透压失衡的体征。

气候变化受影响不止是我们,还有我们的下一代!

近期,发表在《英国医学杂志》(British Medical Journal)一项荟萃分析的结果表示,受热会增加不良妊娠的可能性。

DOI: 10.1136 / bmj.m3811

这项新荟萃分析显示,根据对纳入研究文献的分析,高温期间早产的几率比非高温时期高1.16倍(95%CI1.10-1.23;I2= 44.7%)。尽管温度每升高1°C,早产几率的估计就存在很大的异质性(I2= 87.7%),但是所有估计都显示出在相同方向上的显着影响,即温度每升高1°C,早产的平均几率就会增加1.05(95%CI1.03-1.07)。

高温期间早产的几率比非高温时期高1.16倍,DOI: 10.1136 / bmj.m3811

早在2014年,日本兵库县保健所团队进行了一项气候变化与日本胎儿死亡率和新生婴儿的男女比例的研究,结果发表在《生育与不孕》(Fertility and Sterility)杂志上。

Climate change is associated with male:female ratios of fetal deaths and newborn infants in Japan. DOI10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.1213

该研究结果显示,在年平均温度差异与胎儿死亡的性别比之间发现统计学上显着的正相关(r=0.670,P<0.0001);在1968年至2012年之间,温度差异和出生性别比之间存在统计学上的显着负相关(r=−0.518,P=0.0002)。此外,在1968年至2012年之间,出生性别比与胎儿死亡性别比之间存在统计学上的显着负相关(r=-0.767,P<0.0001)。

 

胎儿死亡的性别比在2010年达到目前的最高点2.031。自1970年代以来,温度差异一直在稳定增长,而新生儿的性别比一直在下降。DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.1213

据美国国家海洋和大气管理局的数据,自1880年以来有史以来最热的年份是2010,因此该团队使用绝对温度差异和出生性别比之间的9个月间隔进行计算,对从2010年1月至2011年5月绝对温度差异与新生儿性别比以及胎儿死亡率进行分析研究。结果显示,绝对温度差与新生儿性别比之间出现了统计学意义上的负相关( r=0.655,P=0.0034),绝对温度差与胎儿死亡率之间出现了统计学意义上的正相关( r=0.516,P=0.0325)。

2010年一月到2011年5月气温变化以及男婴与女婴出生率,*P <0.05.

DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.1213 

最后研究人员提出气候变化会对胎儿死亡率以及新生儿性别比例有影响,男婴较容易受到外部气候变化的影响。

今年,据世界气象组织(WMO)发布的新的气候预测未来五年(2020-2024年),每年的全球年均气温都有可能比工业化前水平(1850-1900年)至少高出1摄氏度,且至少有一年高出1.5°C的可能性为20%。

保护环境是刻不容缓的使命,国际社会已经深刻关注环保的重要,纷纷成立环保组织、制定环保法规,并通过国际贸易制裁的手段以期遏制生态持续破坏的现状。

然而,保护环境不只是国家政策,作为普通人的我们也可以从以下小事做起,为环境尽微薄之力: 

1.低碳出行,出行尽量选择公共交通工具;

2.垃圾分类,旧物捐赠,尽量物品回收利用;

3.理智消费,我们购买的每种产品都会对环境造成影响;

4.使用重复利用塑料袋,减少使用塑料袋;

5.使用长效节能灯泡减少温室气体排放,节约用水用电;

 

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    2022-03-19 gaoxiaoe
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    2021-04-21 jichang
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    2021-04-21 xxxx1054
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    2021-04-19 神盾医疗局局长Jack

    很棒

    0

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    2021-04-19 samaqua

    0

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